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Cell and tissue > Cell II > Flashcards

Cell II Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins constitute how much mass of the membrane?

A

25-75%

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2
Q

How do you remove peripheral proteins from the membrane?

A

salt solutions

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3
Q

Abnormal cleavage of beta-APP form what?

A

A-beta peptides that aggregate as amyloid fibrils. This is Alzheimer’s disease

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4
Q

The precursor to the prion protein in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is found where in the cell? What conformation is it in?

A

GPI anchored to the cell membrane within lipid raft

Alpha helix

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5
Q

What does the prion protein in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease turn into?

A

Beta-pleated sheets, and amyloid fibrils

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6
Q

What does the cerebrum of a patient with cruetfeld jakob disease look like

A

Spongiform (Swiss cheese)

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7
Q

What substance will identify the amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s and cruetzfeld jakob disease?

A

Congo red

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8
Q

What type of protein is the beta-amyloid protein? What are its functional attributes?

A

Intergral (transmembrane) protein

neuronal migration during development, synapse formation/repair

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9
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins? (6)

A 
Receptors
Pumps
Channels
Linker proteins
Structural proteins (ECM)
Enzymes
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10
Q

What is the medical relevance of receptors?

A

Pharmacological agents may act as agonists or antagonists

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11
Q

How do receptors regulate their response?

A

[C] of receptors

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12
Q

What is the clinical significance of estrogen receptors?

A

target for CA (tamoxifen)

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13
Q

What is the function of Na/K transporters? Are the energy dependent?

A

Moves 3 Na ions out of the cell and exchanges 2 K ions.

This can regulate cell volume

ATP driven

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14
Q

Digoxin is used in the treatment of heart failure, and inhibits Na/K pumps. This leads to an increase in intracellular [Na]. What is the purpose of doing this?

A

Since Ca is exchanged for Na in its pump, the Ca pump will also slow down, increasing sacroplasmic [Ca]

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15
Q

What type of transporter is GLUT5?

A

Secondary active synporter with Na

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16
Q

Where is the Na/K pump that is used in transporting glucose?

A

On the interface of the intestinal epithelial cell, and the extra cellular fluid

(NOT on the intestinal lumen side with the Glu transporter)

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17
Q

Where is MDR-1 expressed? (4) In what disease can it be a problem?

A

kidney, intestine, liver, and blood brain barrier

Will pump out antineoplastic agents if overexpressed in CA cells

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18
Q

What is the function of MDR-2?

A

Transports bilirubin

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19
Q

What is the function of MDR-3?

A

Expressed in liver where it functions as a flipase of phosphatidylcholine so that is may be excreted into bile

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20
Q

What is Dubin-Johnson syndrome?

A

Defective MDR-2 transporter, leading to the accumulation of bilirubin

21
Q

How do you overcome MDR-1 overexpression in CA cells

A

RNA interference (silence the gene for MDR-1 by eliminate its RNA)

22
Q

How many isoforms of Aquaporin are there?

A

12

23
Q

How is aquaporin 2 induced in kidney cells?

A

Vasopressin or ADH (its receptor), causes translocation of aquaporin receptors to the plasma membrane of collecting tubule, increasing water re-absorption

24
Q

What disease involves defective aquaporins in the kidney?

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

25
Q

How does EtOH affect ADH receptor?

A

Inhibits it

26
Q

What ion is symported with Cl in CFTR channels?

A

Na

27
Q

Why do cystic fibrosis patients taste salty?

A

Dysfunctional Cl transport = build up of Na/Cl on skin

28
Q

Why do cystic fibrosis patients have thick mucus secretions?

A

Lack of export of Cl causes increase of [Cl]. Na and H20 transported back into the cell for balance.

29
Q

What other areas are obstructed in cystic fibrosis?

A

bile duct, intestines, ductus deferens

30
Q

Where is lactase found?

A

On the cell wall of intestinal epithelium

31
Q

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy is the result of a defect in what protein?

A

Dystrophin

32
Q

What is the function of Dystrophin?

A

Links to dystroglycans that are in the plasma membrane, which in turn link to ECM proteins

33
Q

Where are glycolipids found?

A

The extracellular side of the plasma membrane

34
Q

What is the receptor for the cholera toxin (hint” it’s a glyolipid)

A

Gm1 ganglioside

35
Q

What is the effect of cholera toxin?

A

Ramps up adenylate cyclase activity to increase CFTR transporters to push out H2O

36
Q

What is the function of glycolipids on RBCs?

A

Have negative charges to keep RBCs apart

37
Q

What are the roles of glycolipids/proteins?

A

Protection
cell-cell adhesion
signalling

38
Q

What are the four processes of vesicular transport across the membrane

A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Exocytosis
  3. Porocytosis
  4. Exosomes
39
Q

How many different pathways are there for endocytosis? What is needed?

A

5

ATP and Ca

40
Q

Where does macropinocytosis take place?

A

thyroid cells taking up thryoglobulin

Dendritic cells for immune surveillance

41
Q

What is the type of molecule needed for macropinocytosis?

A

Actin

42
Q

How specific is macropinocytosis?

A

Not at all

43
Q

What is the normal function of beta-amyloid precursor protein (5)?

A

neuronal migration during development, synaptic formation/repair, cell signalling, long-term potentiation of memory, cell adhesion

44
Q

What is the function of the normal prion protein found in creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (3)?

A
  1. may be neuroprotective against ischemia
  2. control circadian rhythms
  3. may serve serve to organize the myelin sheath
45
Q

Kuru disease stained with congo red will show what? PAS?

A

Large red amyloid aggregations with congo, black dots with PAS

46
Q

Water follows what ion? How can the cell manipulate this to regulate the water content of the cytoplasm?

A

Na

Na/K pump can shift Na out of cell, to lose water

47
Q

What is the effect of increased Ca in cardiac muscle?

A

Increased contractile force

48
Q

In the glucose/Na pump, where does Na travel (starting from the intestinal lumen)?

A

symport with Glucose down [C] gradient, and is pumped into the ECF by Na/K pump.

49
Q

What technique would you use to identify Duchenne’s muscluar dystrophy?

A

Immunocytochemistry

Cell and tissue (45 decks)

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