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Biology > Stem Cells & Differentiation > Flashcards

Stem Cells & Differentiation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Differentiation (unspecialized to specialized)

A

Occurs in

  1. Embryo - embryonic development
  2. After birth- growth
  3. Adulthood - maintenance
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2
Q

Differentiation

A

Distinct ID differential gene expression (morphology & phenotype) also involved in differential gene expression

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3
Q

Differentiation can be triggered by __________

A

Extracellular signals (inducer to responder)

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4
Q

Fully differentiated

A
  1. Terminally differentiated, stop dividing & stable state (have major structural change)
  2. Blood stem cells - red blood cells lose nucleus & become hemoglobin, white blood cells have multibody nucleus & are granules
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5
Q

Genes for differentiation

A

RTFs master regulators that are necessary & sufficient for differentiation

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6
Q

MyoD

A
  1. RTF muscle differentiation
  2. Mutate- no muscle (necessary)
  3. Ectopic expression-muscle (sufficient)
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7
Q

Muscle differentiation

A
  1. somites → myoblasts → muscle (Pax3+ + Pax7+ committed, but not differentiated)
  2. myoblasts divide & stop dividing
  3. Differentiation make muscle proteins & structural changes (fuse → myotubes → muscle fibers)
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8
Q

Muscle stem cells

A

Satellite cells (injury → activation → regeneration)

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9
Q

Blood differentiation

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) where its niche is bone marrow, stem cell hallmarks have self-renewal & multipotent

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10
Q

Stem cells

A

Self-renewal asymmetric division

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11
Q

Skin differentiation

A

epidermis outer, harsh environ. regenerate (stem cells niche)

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12
Q

Gut differentiation

A

Gut lining, harsh environ.

regenerate every 4 days (stem cell niche)

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13
Q

Adult stem cells (ASCs) (need niche)

A
  1. multipotent (limited)
  2. HSCs (blood)
  3. satellite cells (muscle)
  4. gut stem cells (gut)
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14
Q

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)(don’t need niche)

A
  1. pluripotent (not limited)
  2. Make all 3 germ layer
  3. Inner Cell Mass of blastocyst (ICM)
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15
Q

Mouse ESCs

A
  1. Self-renewal in vitro
  2. Indefinity (no niche)
  3. Pluripotent- inject into blastocyst make all 3 germ layers
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16
Q

ESCs can lead to ________

A

Disease cells

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17
Q

Maintaining mouse ESCs

A
  1. LIF + BMP
  2. Increase Oct 3/4, Sox2, Esrrb, Kfl4 (RTFs)
  3. Decrease differentiation
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18
Q

Mouse epiSCs (5 days old)

A
  1. Epiblast stem cells (not ESCs)
  2. Pluripotent in vitro like ESCs
  3. Can’t form chimera in new animals in vivo unlike ESCs
19
Q

Human ESCs (not ethical)

A
  1. Same RTFs as mouse ESCs
  2. Maintain stemness in culture
  3. FGF + Nodal (unlike mouse ESCs)
  4. BMP → differentiation (unlike mouse ESCs)
20
Q

Human ESCs is similar to ________

A

Mouse epiSCs

21
Q

Plasticity of differentiated cells

A
  1. Can dedifferentiate
  2. Lose differentiated characteristics become “stem cell”
    go backwards (divide)
  3. can transdifferentiate no dedifferentiation to diff. cell type
  4. Test by cloning if a mature nucleus can support embryonic development
22
Q

Cloning (frogs)

A
  1. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), somatic nucleus can support embryonic development
  2. Adult nucleus are old & decrease efficiency & tadpole nucleus is young increase efficiency
23
Q

Cloning experiment (frogs)

A
  1. Adult nucleus ↓ efficiency
  2. Tadpole nucleus ↑ efficiency
  3. Blastocyst nucleus ↑↑ efficiency
24
Q

Genomic equivalence (Frogs)

A
  1. Adult nucleus similar to embryonic nucleus

2. No permanent changes to DNA

25
Q

Cloning in mammals (mouse or sheep like dolly)

A
  1. Most die before birth, if survive they became sick
  2. Low efficiency, where it had incomplete reprogramming of nucleus, reverse epigenetic changes, DNA methylation, & histone modification
  3. Improper expression (5% of total genes & 50% of imprinted genes)
26
Q

Cloning in humans

A
  1. Therapeutic cloning to blastocyst stage (not implanted)

2. Isolate ESCs for research

27
Q

Cloning in human have a ________

A

14-day rule (individualization)- starts gastrulation & stops twinning or fusion

28
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

Cloned embryo which led to a cloned uterus which led to a cloned baby (banned)

29
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

Cloning by SCNT, cloned embryo matches the patient, human beings can still give twins (no gastrulation) but it also destroys blastocyst

30
Q

Is IVF ethical?

A

Extra embryos (frozen, donated, discarded)

31
Q

Reprogramming by cell fusion

A
  1. Fuse 2 cells (common in cytoplasm, tetraploid)
32
Q

Chick blood cell

A
  1. No transcription
  2. Fuse with human cell, chick blood cell starts transcription
  3. Human cell reprogramed chick cell
    (shows conservation)
33
Q

Human liver cells

A 
1. Fuse with mouse muscle
human cell (expresses muscle genes)
34
Q

_________ factors can reprogram

A

Cytoplasmic

35
Q

Transdifferentiation

A
  1. Reversible stability, change gene expression
  2. C. elegans- epithelium → neuron
  3. Common in regeneration
36
Q

Regenerative medicine

A
  1. Organ donation- shortage for 3-5 years & rejection from immunosuppressive drugs
37
Q

Pros & Cons of ESCs

A
  1. Pro: pluripotent

2. Con: Too potent tumor risk & may face rejection if not your own cells

38
Q

Pro & Cons of ASCs

A
  1. Pro: no rejection if from self

2. Con: not pluripotent

39
Q

iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells)

A

Skin cells + 4 genes → iPSCs, where the 4 genes are the different RTF (Oct 4, Sox2, Kfla4, c- Myc) & also iPSCs is equivalent to ESCs where they are self-renewal & pluripotent (chimera)

40
Q

Clinical trials with iPSCs

A
  1. Macular degeneration
  2. Skin cells → iPSCs → eye cells
    (Injected into patients found not an immune match, had safe slight improvements & the injected cells led to mutations)
41
Q

Clinical trials with iPSCs (recently)

A

Patient → iPSCs → eye cells → inject immune match (They started with the eyes because easy access
not vital, easy readout, & 2 eye)

42
Q

Skin cells → iPSCs → heart cells

A

Spontaneously assemble beating in a dish

43
Q

Organoids

A

Could make things like mini brains or mini kidneys

44
Q

Blastoids

A

Artificial “embryo”( Implanted, no live embryo, but has placental cells)

Biology (64 decks)

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