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Biology > Chemical Components of the Cell > Flashcards

Chemical Components of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Amino Acids forms what?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

Nucleotides that contains riboses are called what?

A

Ribonucleotides (RNA)

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3
Q

What is the pH scale of water?

A

7 (Neutral)

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4
Q

Nucleotides are the building block for what?

A

Nucleic Acids

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5
Q

Hydrophobic Force

A

Generated by pushing nonpolar surfaces out of the hydrogen- bonded water network

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6
Q

Each polymer adds a monomer through ________ which a water molecule is lost for each monomer added

A

Condensation

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7
Q

Lipids

A

Molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in fat & organic solvents

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8
Q

Bases

A

Molecules that accept protons when dissolved in water

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9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing, have no hydorgens bonds & doesnt dissolve in water

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10
Q

Nucleotides forms what?

A

Nucleic Acids

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11
Q

Cells are mostly concerned with what type of bases?

A

Weak bases

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12
Q

Where are fatty acid tails formed?

A

In the cell membrane

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13
Q

The bonds created by the ______ can be broken down by the revserse process _______

A

Condensatin, Hydrolysis

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14
Q

If the concentration of the base is high then the concentration of the acid is _______

A

Lower

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15
Q

Buffers

A

Mixture of weak acids & bases that will adjust protons concentration around pH scale of 7 by releasing protons or taking protons

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16
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Synthesize larger molecules from smaller subunits & is energetically unfavorable ( during this process a water molecule is removed as a bond is formed )

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17
Q

A bond is formed between an -OH group on one sugar & an -OH group on another sugar by ________ in which a molecule of water is expelled as the bond is formed

A

Condenstation reaction

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18
Q

_____________ ensure that tge polymer chain adopts one particular conformation, which is determines by the linear sequence of monomers in the chain

A

Noncovalent interactions

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19
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA)

A

Based on the deoxyribose & contains the bases A,G,C, & T

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20
Q

The pre-fix Oligo is used to refer to molecules with what?

A

Molecules from 2-10 sugar polymers

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21
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Compounds that contains carbon - carbon

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22
Q

_______ also stablize associatitions between two macro-molecules & such associatitions allow macro-molecules to be used as building blocks for larger structures

A

Noncovalent bonds

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23
Q

What are the four major families of small organic mnolecules?

A
  1. Sugars
  2. Fatty Acids
  3. Amino Acids
  4. Nucleotides
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24
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecules that have both hydrophobic & hydrophillic regions

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25
Q

What are the two distinct regions of fatty acid molecules?

A
  1. A long hydrocarbon chain which is hydrophobic or very reactive
  2. A carboxyl (-COOH) group which behaves as an acid (Carboxylic acid) in an aqueous solutions
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26
Q

Glysosidic Bonds

A

Covalent bonds that link monosaccharides to form larger carbonhydrates

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27
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

the structure that forms the basis for all cell membranes (Composed of phospholipids)

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28
Q

Peptide bond

A

The covalent bonds between two amino acids in a protein

29
Q

All amino acids have optical isomers _______ & _______ but only _______ are found in proteins

A

Term D - & L- Forms, only L-forms are found in proteins

30
Q

Fatty Acids forms what?

A

Fats & membrane lipids

31
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Long polymers in which nucleotides subunits are linked by the formation of covanlent phospodiester bonds between in phosphate group attatched to the sugar of one nucleotide & hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next nucleotide

32
Q

Sugars are what?

A

Carbonhydrates

33
Q

Triacylglyercol molecules

A

Are compounds made of 3 fatty acids chains convantely joined to a glycerol molecule

34
Q

Acids

A

Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water

35
Q

_________ bonds allow a macromolecule ot bind other molecules

A

Noncovalent Bonds

36
Q

DNA & RNA are built from ______

A

Nucleotides

37
Q

Unsaturated tails

A

One or more double bonds

38
Q

Saturated Tails

A

Has no double bonds between its carbon atoms & contains max number of hydrogens

39
Q

What are the two main types of nuclei Acids?

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
40
Q

Ribonucleic Acids (RNA)

A

Based on the sugar ribose & contains A,G,C,& U

41
Q

The amino group NH2 at the end of a polypetide is called what?

A

N-Terminus

42
Q

________ bonds add up to create a strong attraction between two molecules when they are very close so that many noncovalent bonds occur between them

A

Noncovalent bonds

43
Q

Macromolecules

A

Are monomers covantely connected into a chain

44
Q

Nucleotides that contains deoxyribose are called what?

A

Deoxyribonucleotides (DNA)

45
Q

Optical Isomers

A

Mirror image pairs of isomers

46
Q
A
47
Q

Most macromolecules are made from different set of monomers & polymer chains is assembled in a ________

A

Sequence

48
Q

A carboxyl group (COOH) at the other end of a polypetide is called what?

A

C- terminus

49
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

50
Q
A
51
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures

52
Q

What are the simplest types of sugar?

A

Monosaccharides (Formula CH2O)n n is any positive real #)

53
Q

Purines

A

Guanine (G), Ademine (A)

54
Q

Hydrolysis Reactions

A

Break down larger molecules into smaller subunits & are energetically favorable ( During this process a water molecules is absorb or consumed)

55
Q

Acid have a pH scale of what?

A
56
Q

Hydrophillic

A

W

57
Q

Amino Acids

A

They all posses a carboxylic acid group & amino group both attached to central alpha -carbon atom

58
Q

Peptide bonds are formed by ______ that link one amino acid to the next

A

Condensation reaction

59
Q

Bases have a pH scale of what?

A

Higher than 7

60
Q

Cells use simple polysaccharides composed only of glucose units called ______ in animals cells & _____ in plant as long term stores of glucose held for energy production

A

Glycogen & Starch

61
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Particaptes in the transfer of energy in metabolic reactions

62
Q

Inorganic Molecules

A

Compounds that dont contain carbon -carbon

63
Q

Polypetide

A

Resulting chain of amino acids

64
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules that are made of many chemical subunits that are linked end to end whose properties enable the cells & organisms to grow & reproduce

65
Q

The base in polypetudes are what?

A

Is the nitrogen containing rings

66
Q

Cells use amino acids to build what?

A

Proteins

67
Q

Sugars form what?

A

Large organic molecules (Like polysaccharides, glycogen, & starch)

68
Q

Smaller oligosaccharides can be covalently linked to proteins to form ______ or to lipids to form ______

A

Glycoproteins , Glycolipids

69
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers made of amino acid, which are joined head to tail in a long chain that folds up into a 3-D structure that is unique to each tye of protein

Biology (64 decks)

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