Chemical Components of the Cell

Question 1

Amino Acids forms what?

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

Nucleotides that contains riboses are called what?

Answer 2

Ribonucleotides (RNA)

Question 3

What is the pH scale of water?

Answer 3

7 (Neutral)

Question 4

Nucleotides are the building block for what?

Answer 4

Nucleic Acids

Question 5

Hydrophobic Force

Answer 5

Generated by pushing nonpolar surfaces out of the hydrogen- bonded water network

Question 6

Each polymer adds a monomer through ________ which a water molecule is lost for each monomer added

Answer 6

Condensation

Question 7

Lipids

Answer 7

Molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in fat & organic solvents

Question 8

Bases

Answer 8

Molecules that accept protons when dissolved in water

Question 9

Hydrophobic

Answer 9

Water fearing, have no hydorgens bonds & doesnt dissolve in water

Question 10

Nucleotides forms what?

Answer 10

Nucleic Acids

Question 11

Cells are mostly concerned with what type of bases?

Answer 11

Weak bases

Question 12

Where are fatty acid tails formed?

Answer 12

In the cell membrane

Question 13

The bonds created by the ______ can be broken down by the revserse process _______

Answer 13

Condensatin, Hydrolysis

Question 14

If the concentration of the base is high then the concentration of the acid is _______

Answer 14

Lower

Question 15

Buffers

Answer 15

Mixture of weak acids & bases that will adjust protons concentration around pH scale of 7 by releasing protons or taking protons

Question 16

Condensation reaction

Answer 16

Synthesize larger molecules from smaller subunits & is energetically unfavorable ( during this process a water molecule is removed as a bond is formed )

Question 17

A bond is formed between an -OH group on one sugar & an -OH group on another sugar by ________ in which a molecule of water is expelled as the bond is formed

Answer 17

Condenstation reaction

Question 18

_____________ ensure that tge polymer chain adopts one particular conformation, which is determines by the linear sequence of monomers in the chain

Answer 18

Noncovalent interactions

Question 19

Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA)

Answer 19

Based on the deoxyribose & contains the bases A,G,C, & T

Question 20

The pre-fix Oligo is used to refer to molecules with what?

Answer 20

Molecules from 2-10 sugar polymers

Question 21

Organic Molecules

Answer 21

Compounds that contains carbon - carbon

Question 22

_______ also stablize associatitions between two macro-molecules & such associatitions allow macro-molecules to be used as building blocks for larger structures

Answer 22

Noncovalent bonds

Question 23

What are the four major families of small organic mnolecules?

Answer 23

1. Sugars
2. Fatty Acids
3. Amino Acids
4. Nucleotides

Question 24

Amphipathic

Answer 24

Molecules that have both hydrophobic & hydrophillic regions

Question 25

What are the two distinct regions of fatty acid molecules?

Answer 25

1. A long hydrocarbon chain which is hydrophobic or very reactive 2. A carboxyl (-COOH) group which behaves as an acid (Carboxylic acid) in an aqueous solutions

Question 26

Glysosidic Bonds

Answer 26

Covalent bonds that link monosaccharides to form larger carbonhydrates

Question 27

Lipid bilayer

Answer 27

the structure that forms the basis for all cell membranes (Composed of phospholipids)

Question 28

Peptide bond

Answer 28

The covalent bonds between two amino acids in a protein

Question 29

All amino acids have optical isomers _______ & _______ but only _______ are found in proteins

Answer 29

Term D - & L- Forms, only L-forms are found in proteins

Question 30

Fatty Acids forms what?

Answer 30

Fats & membrane lipids

Question 31

Nucleic Acids

Answer 31

Long polymers in which nucleotides subunits are linked by the formation of covanlent phospodiester bonds between in phosphate group attatched to the sugar of one nucleotide & hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next nucleotide

Question 32

Sugars are what?

Answer 32

Carbonhydrates

Question 33

Triacylglyercol molecules

Answer 33

Are compounds made of 3 fatty acids chains convantely joined to a glycerol molecule

Question 34

Acids

Answer 34

Substances that release protons when they dissolve in water

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bonds allow a macromolecule ot bind other molecules

Answer 35

Noncovalent Bonds

Question 36

DNA & RNA are built from \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 36

Nucleotides

Question 37

Unsaturated tails

Answer 37

One or more double bonds

Question 38

Saturated Tails

Answer 38

Has no double bonds between its carbon atoms & contains max number of hydrogens

Question 39

What are the two main types of nuclei Acids?

Answer 39

1. DNA 2. RNA

Question 40

Ribonucleic Acids (RNA)

Answer 40

Based on the sugar ribose & contains A,G,C,& U

Question 41

The amino group NH₂ at the end of a polypetide is called what?

Answer 41

N-Terminus

Question 42

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bonds add up to create a strong attraction between two molecules when they are very close so that many noncovalent bonds occur between them

Answer 42

Noncovalent bonds

Question 43

Macromolecules

Answer 43

Are monomers covantely connected into a chain

Question 44

Nucleotides that contains deoxyribose are called what?

Answer 44

Deoxyribonucleotides (DNA)

Question 45

Optical Isomers

Answer 45

Mirror image pairs of isomers

Question 47

Most macromolecules are made from different set of monomers & polymer chains is assembled in a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 47

Sequence

Question 48

A carboxyl group (COOH) at the other end of a polypetide is called what?

Answer 48

C- terminus

Question 49

Pyrimidines

Answer 49

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

Question 51

Isomers

Answer 51

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures

Question 52

What are the simplest types of sugar?

Answer 52

Monosaccharides (Formula CH₂O)_n n is any positive real #)

Question 53

Purines

Answer 53

Guanine (G), Ademine (A)

Question 54

Hydrolysis Reactions

Answer 54

Break down larger molecules into smaller subunits & are energetically favorable ( During this process a water molecules is absorb or consumed)

Question 55

Acid have a pH scale of what?

Question 56

Hydrophillic

Answer 56

W

Question 57

Amino Acids

Answer 57

They all posses a carboxylic acid group & amino group both attached to central alpha -carbon atom

Question 58

Peptide bonds are formed by ______ that link one amino acid to the next

Answer 58

Condensation reaction

Question 59

Bases have a pH scale of what?

Answer 59

Higher than 7

Question 60

Cells use simple polysaccharides composed only of glucose units called ______ in animals cells & _____ in plant as long term stores of glucose held for energy production

Answer 60

Glycogen & Starch

Question 61

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 61

Particaptes in the transfer of energy in metabolic reactions

Question 62

Inorganic Molecules

Answer 62

Compounds that dont contain carbon -carbon

Question 63

Polypetide

Answer 63

Resulting chain of amino acids

Question 64

Polymers

Answer 64

Molecules that are made of many chemical subunits that are linked end to end whose properties enable the cells & organisms to grow & reproduce

Question 65

The base in polypetudes are what?

Answer 65

Is the nitrogen containing rings

Question 66

Cells use amino acids to build what?

Answer 66

Proteins

Question 67

Sugars form what?

Answer 67

Large organic molecules (Like polysaccharides, glycogen, & starch)

Question 68

Smaller oligosaccharides can be covalently linked to proteins to form ______ or to lipids to form \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 68

Glycoproteins , Glycolipids

Question 69

Proteins

Answer 69

Polymers made of amino acid, which are joined head to tail in a long chain that folds up into a 3-D structure that is unique to each tye of protein