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Biology > Gene Transcription & RNA modification > Flashcards

Gene Transcription & RNA modification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

Is a segment of DNA that is used to make a functional product (either RNA or polypeptide)

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2
Q

Transcription

A

Making a copy of nucleotides sequence (making an mRNA from DNA sequence)

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3
Q

Protein coding genes (structural genes)

A

Encode the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide (make proteins)

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4
Q

When a __________ is transcribed the 1st product is an mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

Structural gene

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5
Q

________ is the process where DNA sequence is used to form an mRNA

A

Transcription

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6
Q

Translation

A

The sequence of nucleotides within the mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide to make a protein (the protein then determines traits & phenotypes we have)

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7
Q

Describe central dogma

A

Gene (DNA)
(transcription)
mRNA
(translation)
Proteins (polypeptides to form proteins)

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8
Q

_________ requires base sequences that perform different functional roles

A

Genes expression

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9
Q

_________ can turn on genes to make a product

A

Gene expression

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10
Q

__________ goes through transcription & translation

A

Structural genes

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11
Q

Promoter region

A

Provides a site to begin transcription

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12
Q

Terminator region

A

Site where the end of transcription happens

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13
Q

DNA is _________ into mRNA from promoter to terminator region

A

Transcribed

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14
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins that recognize base sequences in the DNA & control the rate of transcription

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15
Q

Regulatory sequences (regulatory elements)

A

Short stretches of DNA that are involved in the regulation of transcription

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16
Q

Ribosome -binding site

A

Sequence in mRNA that provides a location for the ribosome to bind & begin translation

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17
Q

_______ contains codons to make polypeptide sequences where the 1st is the start codon & the stop codon ends translation

A

mRNA

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18
Q

Genes have ________ like regulatory sequences, promoter, terminator region & copied region

A

Sub region

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19
Q

__________ where the regulatory proteins bind & has temporal & spatial control

A

Regulatory sequence

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20
Q

__________ where the RNA polymerase binds to make mRNA (where transcription occurs)

A

Promoter region

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21
Q

_________ contains the sense strand

(which is the same as mRNA & contains U instead of T)

A

Copied region

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22
Q

________ also contains the template strand that is “read” by RNA polymerase

A

Copied region

23
Q

_____________ where RNA polymerase stops transcription

A

Terminator region

24
Q

________ has regulator sequences where ribosome binds to form polypeptide

A

mRNA

25
Q

Start codon is ______ where it starts translation & the 1st amino acid formed is ______________

A

ATG, methionine

26
Q

Stop codon stops translation & the codon are _____ or ______ or _______ where no amino acid is formed

A

TAA or TAG or TGA

27
Q

What are the different DNA regions?

A
  1. Regulatory sequence region
  2. Promoter region
  3. Terminator region
28
Q

What are mRNA regions?

A
  1. Ribosome bind site
  2. Start codon
  3. Codons
  4. Stop codons
29
Q

Condon are what?

A

3 - nucleotides sequences in mRNA that makes an amino acid

30
Q

Stop codon specifies the _______ of a polypeptide

A

End

31
Q

Bacterial mRNA can be ___________

A

Polycistronic

32
Q

Polycistronic

A

Means it encodes two or more polypeptides

33
Q

What are the 3 stages of transcriptions?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
34
Q

Initiation

A

Transcription factors bind to regulatory sequence & RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region & starts transcription

35
Q

Elongation

A

When RNA polymerase makes mRNA

36
Q

How does Termination occur?

A

When RNA polymerase reaches terminator region & stops transcription, both mRNA & RNA polymerase breaks off

37
Q

During the initiation of transcription _______ is formed

A

Open complex

38
Q

A _________ is a short sequence of DNA that is need to start transcription (its where RNA polymerase binds to & its before the copy region)

A

Promoter

39
Q

__________ make up 90% of genes & its genes that goes from mRNA to protein

A

Structural Genes

40
Q

Non structural genes (un-translated RNAs) make what during translation?

A

rRNA & tRNA

41
Q

Non structural genes (un-translated RNAs) make what during gene expression?

A

miRNA

42
Q

Non structural genes (un-translated RNAs) make what during mRNA processing?

A

snoRNA & snRNA

43
Q

What are the two main region within the promoter region for it to be recognized?

A
  1. -35 box which has the sequence of 5’ - TTGACA-3’
  2. -10 box (TATA box) which has the sequence of 5’ - TATAAT-3’
44
Q

________ yields better transcription because RNA polymerase binds better

A

Strong promoter

45
Q

The 1st transcription site is denoted as ______ & the promoter region is right before the transcription site

A

+1

46
Q

Consensus Sequence

A

Most commonly occurring bases within a sequence element

47
Q

Bacterial (E. Coli) transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase ____________ binds at a promoter

A

Holoenzyme

48
Q

What are the two subunits in RNA polymerase holoenzyme?

A
  1. Core enzyme which has 5 subunits
  2. Sigma factor (is the 6th subunit) & it creates the RNA polymerase holoenzyme
49
Q

What makes a complete holoenzyme?

A

The core enzymes & the sigma factors

50
Q

The _________ recognizes the promoter region

A

Sigma Factor

51
Q

The sigma factor is also a ___________ because it influence the function of RNA polymerase

A

Transcription

52
Q

Describe the regulation of gene expression in bacteria (transcription part)

A

From a gene the genetic regulatory proteins bind to the DNA & control the rate of transcription

53
Q

Describe the regulation of gene expression in bacteria (Translation part)

A
  1. From mRNA translational repressor proteins can bind to the mRNA & prevent translation from starting
  2. Riboswitches can produce an mRNA conformation that prevents translation from starting
  3. Antisense RNA can bind to the mRNA & prevent translation from starting
54
Q

Describe the regulation of gene expression in bacteria (Posttranslation part)

A
  1. In feedback inhibition, the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway
  2. Covalent modifications to the structure of a protein can alter its functions

All forms a functional protein

Biology (64 decks)

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