Reproduction & chromosome transmission 4 Flashcards
Reproduction
Biological Process where new cells or organisms are produced
Chromosomes
Are structures within living cells that contain the genetic material (Genes are located within chromosomes)
Somatic Cells
Are any body cell that isn’t a gamete
________________ chromosomes are inherited in sets
Eukaryotic
Diploid
Contains two chromosomes in each set
The pair of chromosomes in a set are called __________
Homologs
In a pair of chromosomes (2 chromosomes) one chromosomes comes from the ______ & the other from the _______ to makes it a pair which is why they are homologous pair because they are identical in size, shape, & banding pattern & contain the same genes
Dad, Mom
The only difference between a homologous pair is that it may contain __________ of a genes since one comes from dad & other comes from mom
Allele
Allele
Different verison of a gene
______________ are not homologous pairs
Sex chromosome (X & Y)
Locus
Physical location of a gene
Eukaroytic cells reproduce through the _______________
Cell Cycle
When eukaryotic cells reproduce they produce _______________ cells that contain the same number & type of chromosomes as the mother cell
2 Daugther
What are the phases of the cell cyle?
- Gap phase (G1 & G2) (G Phase )
- Synthesis (S phase)
- Mitosis (M phase)
What are the phases in interphase?
G1, S, & G2 Phase
G0 Phase
Non-dividing phase
What is the order of the phases in the cell cyle?
G1 —-> S —–> G2 ——> M Phase
In the G1 Phase what happens?
A cell is prepared to divide & reach a restriction point before S phase
After a cell past the restriction point what happens in the S phase?
The chromosomes are replicated & after its replicated the two copies are called chromatids where they are joined together at the centromere to make a sister chromatid (pair of chromatids)
Unless it says ______ of chromosmes then a chromosomes is just one singular chromosome (not two)
Pair
Unless it says ____________ a chromatid is just one singular chromatid (chromosome) not 2 just one
Suster Chromatids
After the S phase what happens?
A cell has twice as many singular chromatids (Chromosomes) than it did in the G1 phase
During the G2 Phase what happens?
A cell accumulates the materials needed for nuclear cell division
What is the formula for a diploid cell ?
2n (n = # of chromosomes)
What happens in the M phase?
The sister chromatids (replicated chromosomes) are distributed into two cell nucleus so that daughter cell recieves the same amount of sister chromatids (Chromosome pairs)
After Mitosis ___________ occurs where the cell completely divides to form two daugther cells
Cytokinesis
What are the phases of Mitosis?
- Prophase
- Prometaphase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
What happens in metaphase?
The pairs of sister chromatids align in the middle of the cell along the metaphase plate from head to tail in a single row where the homologous pair dont pair up with its similar sister chromatid
What happens in Anaphase
The centromere between the sister chromatids is broken & the individual chromosome (chromatid) goes to its independent dell
_____________ produces two new diploid cells (Somatic Cell)
Mitosis
Mitosis
Produces two new diploid cells
Cytokinesis
Splits the cell into 2 new dipliod cells (in mitosis)
Meiosis
1st Produces four haploid cells (Sex cells)
_____________ contains one chromsome per set instead of two
Gametes (haploid cells)
What are the two cell divisions of meiosis?
- Meiosis 1
- Meiosis 2
What are the phase in Meosis 1 & 2 ?
- Prophase 1 (2)
- Prometaphase 1 (2)
- Metaphase 1(2)
- Anaphase 1 (2)
- Telophase 1 (2)
What happens during metaphase 1 in meiosis 1?
The pair of chromsome (sister chromatids) are randomly align in the metaphase plate in a double row where the homologous pair of each sister chromatid is next to each other (side by side)
What happens during Anaphase 1 in meiosis 1?
The two pairs of sister chromatids seperate where each pair of sister chromatids goes to their side on the pole
After meiosis 1 what happens?
Meiosis 2 occurs where those independent sister chromatids are align in the middle of the cell in a single row from head to tail (like mitosis) & seperate where each singular chromatids goes to its individual pole
What is the first difference between Mitosis & Meiosis?
The difference between Mitosis & Meiosis is that Meiosis has 2 cell division Mitosis has 1, Mitosis produce diploid cell (2 diploid) meiosis produce haploid cells (4 haploid)
What is the 2nd difference Mitosis & Meiosis?
The two diploid cells that are produced from Mitosis are clones & the 4 haploid cells produce form Meiosis are not identical & crossing over an occur in meiosis to give recombinant genes which can’t happen mitosis
