Carbohydrates (part of the aldehyde & ketone test) Flashcards

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1
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Are simple sugars

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2
Q

What are the two types of simple sugar?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
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3
Q

Glucose is what type of sugar?

A

Aldose (contains an aldehyde)

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4
Q

Fructose is what type of sugar?

A

Ketose (contains a ketone)

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5
Q

What are the two classifications of sugars (monosaccharides)?

A
  1. Aldoses
  2. Ketose
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6
Q

The suffix ______ use to identify a carbohydrate

A

“ose” (ex. glucose)

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7
Q

Aldoses contain what?

A

Aldehyde

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8
Q

Ketose contains what?

A

Ketones

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9
Q

Aldoses & ketose can be further classified based on the # of ________ they have using tri, tetr, pent, hex, etc

A

Carbon atoms (ex. an aldopentose) (glucose)

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10
Q

What are the 3 descriptions used to identify carbohydrates?

A
  1. Aldo or keto prefix- to indicate if the compound has aldehyde or ketone
  2. Tri, tetr, pent, hex, ect to indicate # of carbon
  3. “ose’ suffix to indicate it’s a carbohydrate
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11
Q

Carbohydrates a _________ when the last carbon in the fischer projection has the OH on the right

A

D- sugar (ex. D-glucose) (D usually stand for dextrorotatory)

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12
Q

Carbohydrates are ________ when the last carbon in the fischer projection has the OH on the left side

A

L-sugar (ex. L-glucose) (L usually stands for levorotatory)

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13
Q

L-sugars are ______ of D- sugars

A

Enantiomers

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14
Q

When an aldehyde or ketone reacts with 1 equivalent of alcohol it forms an __________

A

Hemiacetal (equilibrium doesn’t favor the unstable hemiacetal)

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15
Q

Whenever a carbonyl group & a hydroxyl group is present a in a compound then a stable ______ is formed

A

Cyclic hemiacetal (equilibrium favors the formation of the cyclic acetal (product))

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16
Q

Glucose can exist in a open or close ring form where in its closed cyclic form the ring is called a _________

A

Pyranose ring

17
Q

Glucose (d-glucose) exicst mostly in its cyclic hemiacetal form which is called ____________

A

D- glucopyranose

18
Q

The C1 position (the carbon attach to the carbonyl group) is called __________

A

Anomeric carbon

19
Q

The stereoisomers of the pyranose ring is called __________

A

Anomers

20
Q

The two anomers can be classified as _______ or _______

A

Alpha-anomer & beta anomer (the two anomer of D-glucopyranose is alpha- D-glucopyranose & beta-D-glucopyranose)

21
Q

In the alpha -anomer the hydroxyl group at the anomeric position is _____ to the CH2OH group

A

Trans

22
Q

In the beta anomer the hydroxyl group is _____ to the CH2OH group

A

Cis

23
Q

A cyclic form of D-glucose will spend most of its time in a ___________ conformation

A

Chair conformation

24
Q

Have to have the oxygen atom in the ______ right whether its in the Haworth or chair conformation

A

Upper right

25
Q

In the chair conformation all substituents are on the _______ position

A

Equatorial

26
Q

Hydroxy aldehydes can form ________ cyclic hemiacetals as well

A

Five-membered

27
Q

Furanose

A

Is a 5-member ring that carbohydrates can form with oxygen atom in the ring (its a reaction between carbonyl group & hydroxyl at C5)

28
Q

D-fructose can also be cyclized to give a pyranose (6 member ring) which results from a reaction between carbonyl group & hydroxyl at ____

A

C6