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Chapter one: The fundamental units of life Flashcards

1
Q

All living things are made of _______

A

Cells (Fundamnetal units of life)

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2
Q

Cells

A

Small membrane enclosed units filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals & endowed with extraordinary ability to create copies of themselves by growing then dividing into two

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3
Q

Cells differ in _______ & _______

A

Size & shape

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4
Q

Cells are composed of the same sorts of molecules which particaptes in the same types of _________

A

Chemical Reactions

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5
Q

In all organism genetic information in the form of genes is carried in _______

A

DNA molecules

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6
Q

In every cell, long polymer chains of DNA are made from the same set of four _______

A

Nucleotides (Types of monomers)

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7
Q

The information enclosed in DNA molecules is _________ into RNA molecules

A

Transcribed

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8
Q

The information in the DNA that is transcribed to RNA molecules are then ________ to proteins

A

Translated

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9
Q

Central dogma

A

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to Proteins

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10
Q

Proteins

A

Are built from amino acids (Where all organisms use the same set of amino acids to make protiens)

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11
Q

How many amino acids are in proteins?

A

20

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12
Q

The process of central dogma allows for what to be possible?

A

Replication

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13
Q

The sequence of _______ in a molecule of DNA determines the sequence of _______ in a protein

A

Nucleotides, amino acids

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14
Q

Proteins catalyze the _______ of DNA & the ______ of RNA

A

Replication of DNA, Transcription of RNA

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15
Q

Basics of evolution

A

The process by which living speices become gradually modified & adapted to their environment in more ways

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16
Q

_________ were used to understand cells

A

Microscopes

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17
Q

Cell theory

A

All living cells are formed by the growth & divisims of existing cells

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18
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The bounding indicatiing the presence of an enclosing membrane

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Surrounds the nucleus & fills the cell interior

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20
Q

Floursence microscope

A

Type of light microscope that uses methods of illumination & electronic image processing to see flouresnatly labled cell components in better detail

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21
Q

Ribosome

A

A large macromolecular complex in which RNA are translated into proteins

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22
Q

Electron Microscope

A

Revealed details down to nanometer & best reolution

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23
Q

Organelles

A

Separates substructures with specialized functions

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24
Q

The plasma membrane separates the _____ of the cell from its ______ environment

A

Interior, external

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25
Transmission electron microscope
Th type of electron microscope used to look out at thin sections of tissue
26
Bacteria
Have simple structures & only contains ribosomes (Also called baterium)
27
Eukaryotes
Organisms who cells have a nuclues
28
Prokaryotes
Organisms whose cells dont have a nucleus
29
Prokaryotes are small & contains a ________ surrounding the plasma membrane, which encloses a single compartment containing the cytoplasma & DNA
Protectiv e Coat (Cell Wall)
30
What are the two classes of Prokaryotes?
1. Bacteria 2. Archea
31
Most prokaryotes lives as ______ organisms
Single- Celled
32
Aerboic
Uses oxygen to oxidize food molecules
33
Anaerobic
Killed by the slightest exposure to oxygen
34
Mitochondria
Organelle that generate the energy in Eukaryotic Cells
35
Photosynthesis
Uses Energy from sunlight to produce organic molecules from CO2
36
Chloroplasts
Organelles in the plant cell that performs photosynthesis
37
Eukaryotic Cells
Larger & more complex where some are single - celled, & others are multicellular
38
Nucleus
Is the most prominent organelle in the Eukaryotic Cell
39
The nucleus is enclosed within two concentric membranes that form the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which contains molecules of DNA
Nuclear Envelope
40
DNA
Long polymers that encode the gentic information of the organism
41
![]()What is this organelle? ![]() ![]()
Mitochondria
42
![]()What is this organelle?
Rough Endoplasmic Retriculum
43
![]()What is this organelle?
Smooth Endoplasmic Retriculum
44
![]()What is this organelle?
Golgi Apparatus
45
What is this organelle?
Membrane Enclosed Vesicle
46
What is this organelle?
Lyosome
47
What are the small circular organelle?
Transport Vesicle
48
What are the small organelles with the lines in them?
Peroxisome
49
Plants, Fungi, Animals have what type of cells?
Muticelluar Eukaryotic Cells
50
All Eukaryotic cell contains what?
A Mitochondria
51
Mitochondria are _______ of the chemical energy for the cell
Generators
52
Mitochondria hardness the energy from the oxidation of food molecules like sugar to produce what?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
53
Cell Respiration
The process of the mitochondria consuming oxygen & releasing CO2
54
Mitochondria contains its own _____ & reproduce by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
DNA , Dividing
55
Chloroplast
Are large green organelles that are found in the cells of plants & algae but not in animal or fungi
56
Chlorophyll
Are the internal stacks of membranes that contains a green pigement that is inside the chloroplast
57
Chloroplast contains their own ______ & reproduce by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
DNA & Dividing into two
58
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Is an irregular maze of interconnnected spaces enclosed by a membrane
59
Golgi Apparatus
Flattened membrane enclosed sacs that modifies & packages molecules made in ER that are destined to be secreted from the cell or transported to another cell
60
Lysosomes
Small irregular shaped organelles in which intracellular digestion occurs releasing nutrients form ingested food particles into the cytosol
61
Peroxisomes
Small membrane enclosed vesicles that provid ea sequested environoment for a variety of reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is used to inactivate toxic molecules
62
Transport vesicles
Caryy materials between one membrane -enclosed organelle & another
63
Endocytosis
Process where portions of the plasma membrane tuck inward & pinch off to form vesicles that carry materials captured from outside the cell into the cell
64
Exocytosis
Vesicles from the inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane & release their contents into the external medium
65
The cytosol is part of what?
Part of the cytoplasm
66
Cytoskelton
The system of protein filaments, which is composed of three major filaments
67
What are the three major filaments in the Cytoskelton?
1. Actin Filaments 2. Microtubes 3. Intermediate Filaments
68
Actin Filaments
The thinnest filaments & are abundant in all eukaryotic cells but occur in large number inside muscle cells where they serve as a central par tof the muscle contraction
69
Microtubes
The thickest filaments & they have the form of mini hollow tubes that become reorganized into an array that helps pull the duplicated chromosomes apart & distrubute them equally to the two daughter cells
70
Intermediate Filaments
Thickness is between Actine filaments & microtubes, they serve to strengthen most animal cells
71
The cytoskelton is a dynamic jungle of _______ that are continually being strung together & taken apart
Protien Ropes
72
Motor proteins
Use the energy stored in molecules of ATP to ttrundle along the tracks & cables carrying organelles & proteins throughout the cytoplasm
73
Bonds are broken through what process?
Hydrolysis

Biology (64 decks)

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