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Biology > Chapter one: The fundamental units of life > Flashcards

Chapter one: The fundamental units of life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All living things are made of _______

A

Cells (Fundamnetal units of life)

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2
Q

Cells

A

Small membrane enclosed units filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals & endowed with extraordinary ability to create copies of themselves by growing then dividing into two

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3
Q

Cells differ in _______ & _______

A

Size & shape

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4
Q

Cells are composed of the same sorts of molecules which particaptes in the same types of _________

A

Chemical Reactions

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5
Q

In all organism genetic information in the form of genes is carried in _______

A

DNA molecules

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6
Q

In every cell, long polymer chains of DNA are made from the same set of four _______

A

Nucleotides (Types of monomers)

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7
Q

The information enclosed in DNA molecules is _________ into RNA molecules

A

Transcribed

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8
Q

The information in the DNA that is transcribed to RNA molecules are then ________ to proteins

A

Translated

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9
Q

Central dogma

A

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to Proteins

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10
Q

Proteins

A

Are built from amino acids (Where all organisms use the same set of amino acids to make protiens)

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11
Q

How many amino acids are in proteins?

A

20

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12
Q

The process of central dogma allows for what to be possible?

A

Replication

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13
Q

The sequence of _______ in a molecule of DNA determines the sequence of _______ in a protein

A

Nucleotides, amino acids

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14
Q

Proteins catalyze the _______ of DNA & the ______ of RNA

A

Replication of DNA, Transcription of RNA

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15
Q

Basics of evolution

A

The process by which living speices become gradually modified & adapted to their environment in more ways

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16
Q

_________ were used to understand cells

A

Microscopes

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17
Q

Cell theory

A

All living cells are formed by the growth & divisims of existing cells

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18
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The bounding indicatiing the presence of an enclosing membrane

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Surrounds the nucleus & fills the cell interior

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20
Q

Floursence microscope

A

Type of light microscope that uses methods of illumination & electronic image processing to see flouresnatly labled cell components in better detail

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21
Q

Ribosome

A

A large macromolecular complex in which RNA are translated into proteins

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22
Q

Electron Microscope

A

Revealed details down to nanometer & best reolution

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23
Q

Organelles

A

Separates substructures with specialized functions

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24
Q

The plasma membrane separates the _____ of the cell from its ______ environment

A

Interior, external

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25
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

Th type of electron microscope used to look out at thin sections of tissue

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26
Q

Bacteria

A

Have simple structures & only contains ribosomes (Also called baterium)

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27
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Organisms who cells have a nuclues

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28
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Organisms whose cells dont have a nucleus

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29
Q

Prokaryotes are small & contains a ________ surrounding the plasma membrane, which encloses a single compartment containing the cytoplasma & DNA

A

Protectiv e Coat (Cell Wall)

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30
Q

What are the two classes of Prokaryotes?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archea
31
Q

Most prokaryotes lives as ______ organisms

A

Single- Celled

32
Q

Aerboic

A

Uses oxygen to oxidize food molecules

33
Q

Anaerobic

A

Killed by the slightest exposure to oxygen

34
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle that generate the energy in Eukaryotic Cells

35
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Uses Energy from sunlight to produce organic molecules from CO2

36
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles in the plant cell that performs photosynthesis

37
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Larger & more complex where some are single - celled, & others are multicellular

38
Q

Nucleus

A

Is the most prominent organelle in the Eukaryotic Cell

39
Q

The nucleus is enclosed within two concentric membranes that form the _______, which contains molecules of DNA

A

Nuclear Envelope

40
Q

DNA

A

Long polymers that encode the gentic information of the organism

41
Q

What is this organelle?

A

Mitochondria

42
Q

What is this organelle?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Retriculum

43
Q

What is this organelle?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Retriculum

44
Q

What is this organelle?

A

Golgi Apparatus

45
Q

What is this organelle?

A

Membrane Enclosed Vesicle

46
Q

What is this organelle?

A

Lyosome

47
Q

What are the small circular organelle?

A

Transport Vesicle

48
Q

What are the small organelles with the lines in them?

A

Peroxisome

49
Q

Plants, Fungi, Animals have what type of cells?

A

Muticelluar Eukaryotic Cells

50
Q

All Eukaryotic cell contains what?

A

A Mitochondria

51
Q

Mitochondria are _______ of the chemical energy for the cell

A

Generators

52
Q

Mitochondria hardness the energy from the oxidation of food molecules like sugar to produce what?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

53
Q

Cell Respiration

A

The process of the mitochondria consuming oxygen & releasing CO2

54
Q

Mitochondria contains its own _____ & reproduce by _______

A

DNA , Dividing

55
Q

Chloroplast

A

Are large green organelles that are found in the cells of plants & algae but not in animal or fungi

56
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Are the internal stacks of membranes that contains a green pigement that is inside the chloroplast

57
Q

Chloroplast contains their own ______ & reproduce by _________

A

DNA & Dividing into two

58
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Is an irregular maze of interconnnected spaces enclosed by a membrane

59
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Flattened membrane enclosed sacs that modifies & packages molecules made in ER that are destined to be secreted from the cell or transported to another cell

60
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small irregular shaped organelles in which intracellular digestion occurs releasing nutrients form ingested food particles into the cytosol

61
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Small membrane enclosed vesicles that provid ea sequested environoment for a variety of reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is used to inactivate toxic molecules

62
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Caryy materials between one membrane -enclosed organelle & another

63
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process where portions of the plasma membrane tuck inward & pinch off to form vesicles that carry materials captured from outside the cell into the cell

64
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles from the inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane & release their contents into the external medium

65
Q

The cytosol is part of what?

A

Part of the cytoplasm

66
Q

Cytoskelton

A

The system of protein filaments, which is composed of three major filaments

67
Q

What are the three major filaments in the Cytoskelton?

A
  1. Actin Filaments
  2. Microtubes
  3. Intermediate Filaments
68
Q

Actin Filaments

A

The thinnest filaments & are abundant in all eukaryotic cells but occur in large number inside muscle cells where they serve as a central par tof the muscle contraction

69
Q

Microtubes

A

The thickest filaments & they have the form of mini hollow tubes that become reorganized into an array that helps pull the duplicated chromosomes apart & distrubute them equally to the two daughter cells

70
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Thickness is between Actine filaments & microtubes, they serve to strengthen most animal cells

71
Q

The cytoskelton is a dynamic jungle of _______ that are continually being strung together & taken apart

A

Protien Ropes

72
Q

Motor proteins

A

Use the energy stored in molecules of ATP to ttrundle along the tracks & cables carrying organelles & proteins throughout the cytoplasm

73
Q

Bonds are broken through what process?

A

Hydrolysis

Biology (64 decks)

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