Extranuclear inheritance, imprinting, & maternal effect 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mendelian inheritance patterns follow what three rules?

A
  1. The genes obey mendel’s law of segregation, except when rare mutation are present beacuse the genes are then passed unaltered from generation to generation
  2. The expression of the genes in the offspring directly influences their traits
  3. When crossing two or more genes they obey mendel’s law of independent assortment
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2
Q

Mendelian inhertiance involves _____________

A

Nuclear genes

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3
Q

Nuclear genes

A

Gene located on chromosome that are located in the nucleus

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4
Q

Extranuclear inheritance (Cytoplasmic inheritance)

A

Inheritance genes from organelles outside the nucleus (Ex. Mitochondria & chloroplast)

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5
Q

Nucleiod

A

Where the genetic material in the chloroplast is

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6
Q

_________________ produces non-mendelian results because the chloroplast & mitochondria are not sorted during meiosis & therefore dont segregate into gamtes

A

Extranuclear inheritance

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7
Q

Maternal Inheritance (Type of extranuclear inheritance)

A

When the phenotype is determined by the mother (The chloroplast & mitochondria has this because they are inhertied through the cytoplasm of the egg) (Breaks the law of segregation)

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8
Q

Can’t use a punnett square for extranuclear genes have to know what instead?

A
  1. Need to know if the offspring inherits a gene from the mother the father or both
  2. Need to know if heterplasmy (has both normal & mutant genes) is present in the parent (s) who transmit them
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9
Q

Mitochondria also follows ______________

A

Maternal effect

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10
Q

Many human disease are caused by ________________

A

Mitochondrial mutation

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11
Q

Endosymbiosis Theory

A

Believe that the chloroplast & mitochondria etc were formed from living inside another organelle

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12
Q

Epigenetic inheritance (Non-menelian pattern)

A

Modification occur to a nuclear gene/chromosome that alters its expression (Ex. X-chromosome inactivation)

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13
Q

Genomic imprinting (type of epigenetic inheritance)

A

Modifies nuclear gene that alters gene expression

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14
Q

The expression of an imprint gene depends on the _______ of the parent which the gene was inherited

A

Sex

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15
Q

______________ when a segment of DNA is marked & that mark is retained & recognized throughout the organism life

A

Genetic imprinting

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16
Q

___________ follows non-mendelian inheritance beause the marking allows the offspring to tell the difference between mom & dad alleles

A

Genetic imprinting

17
Q

Can’t use a punnett square for imprinted genes instead need to know what?

A
  1. If the offspring expresses the allele that is inherited from mom or dad
  2. Need to know which allele was inherited from the mother & which was from the father
18
Q

The imprint is established during _______________

A

Genetogenetics

19
Q

The imprinting of genes & chromsomes is a molecular marking process that involves _________________

A

DNA methylation

20
Q

DNA methylation

A

Adding methyl group onto a cystosine base in DNA

21
Q

Maternal effect

A

An inheritance pattern where the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of the offspring (break law of segregation)