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Reproduction & chromosome transmission 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Reproduction

A

Biological process by which new cells or new organisms are produced

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures within living cells that contain the genetic material

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA within the chromsomes

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Dont contain membrane bound organelles and dont have a nucleus

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5
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region of the cytoplasm where the prokaryotes chromosomes are held

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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Contain membrane bound organelles and also contain a nucleus

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7
Q

Cytogenetics

A

Field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes (Study of chromosomes)

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8
Q

Karyotype

A

Organized representation of chromosomes within a cell

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9
Q

Homozygous

A

Both homologs carry same allele (dominant or recessive)

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10
Q

Heterozygous

A

Homologs carry different alleles

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11
Q

Locus / loci

A

Physical location of a gene

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells exhibit compartmentalization? What does this mean?

A

Contains membrane-bound organelles with specific function

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13
Q

How do you think the end results would be affected if the cells were not treated with a hypotonic solution in a cytogenetics experiment?

A

The chromosomes would not be spread out within the cell, and it would be more difficult to see them

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14
Q

How are homologs similar to each other and how are they different?

A

Similar: sequence of bases differs by <1%, identical in size, same banding, one gene found on both

Different: same gene but different alleles (versions of gene)

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15
Q

Which of the following is not found in a prokaryotic cell?
A plasma membrane
B ribosome
C cell nucleus
D cytoplasm

A

C

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16
Q

When preparing a karyotype, which of the following steps is conducted?
A treat cell with drugs to begin cell division
B treat cells with hypotonic soln to swell
C expose cells to chemical dyes that bind to chromosomes, stain
D All

A

D

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17
Q

How many sets of chromosomes are found in human somatic cell, how many are in 1 set?
A 2 sets of 23
B 23 sets of 2
C 1 set of 23
D 23 sets of 1

A

B

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18
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

How unicelluar cells divide to produce daughter cells

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19
Q

Binary fission

A

How bacteria divides to produce daughter cells

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20
Q

What is the process of binary fusion?

A
  1. Duplicate circular chromosome, distribute copy to each daughter cell
  2. FtsZ protein assembles into ring at septum site & recruits other proteins to form septum (new cell wall)
  3. The Mother cell divided into 2 daughter cells each with copy of chromosomal genetic materia
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21
Q

cell cycle

A

How Eukaryotic cells divide

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22
Q

What stages are in the Interphase?

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
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23
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell prepare to divide

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24
Q

S phase

A

Chromosomes are replicated to form chromatids that are joined at centromere to form sister chromatids (dyad)

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25
Chromatids
Two copies of chromosome
26
Centromere
Center joining sister chromatids together
27
Sister chromatids (dyad)
Two chromatids joined by centromere
28
Monad
Single chromatid within dyad, or an unreplicated chromosome
29
Kinetochore
Group of proteins bound to centromere, hold sister chromatids together
30
G2 phase
Cell accumulates materials necessary for nuclear and cell division
31
M phase (mitosis)
Distribute replicated chromosomes where each daughter receives same complement of chromosomes
32
Binary fission A is a form of asexual reproduction B is a way for bacteria to reproduce C begins with a single mother cell and produces two genetically identical daughter cells D All
D
33
Which of the following is the correct order of phases of cell cycle A G1 G2 S M B G1 S G2 M C G1 G2 M S D G1 S M G2
B
34
What is a critical event that occurs during S phase of cell cycle? A cells decide whether or not to divide B DNA replication produces pairs of sister chromatids C chromosomes condense D single nucleus divided into two nuclei
B
35
What is the function of the FtsZ protein during binary fission?
Marks future site of septum, recruits other proteins to produce septum, structures that provide cells with organization, cell division
36
What is the difference between G0and G1 phases?
G0 - nondividing stage G1 - prepares to divide after reaching restriction point
37
What is the difference between homologs versus chromatids within sister chromatids?
Homologs may have different alleles on each, chromatids are exact copies of parent DNA
38
Mitotic spindle apparatus
Organization & separates chromosomes
39
Prophase
The chromosomes begin to condense & form sister chromatids
40
Prometaphase
The spindle poles forms within the daughter cell (at each end) where the sister chromatids go to oppsoite ends
41
Metaphase plate
Where the sister chormatids align in a single row from head to tail
42
Metaphase
The sister chromatids align into a single row along the metaphase plate from head to tail
43
Anaphase
Where the connection between the sister chromatids are broken and the individual chromosome goes to one of the poles at the end of the cell
44
Telophase
Chromosomes each the individual poles of the end of the cell where the nuclei divides into 2 & containing 6 chromsomes
45
Cytokinesis
The two nuclei seperates into daughter cells
46
Meiosis
Haploid cells are produced from a cell that was originally diploid & it has two different cell divisions Meiosis 1 & 2
47
Leptotene stage
Prophase of Meiosis I where replicated chromosomes condense & become visible
48
Diplotene
Prophase of Meiosis I where the synaptonemal complex mostly disappeared, bivalent pulls apart slightly
49
Zygotene stage
Prophase of Meiosis I where homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves (In the synapsis)
50
Synapsis
Homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves
51
Pachytene
Prophase of Meiosis I where homologs completely aligned
52
bivalents (tetrad)
Two pairs of sister chromatids (total of 4 chromatids)
53
Crossing over
Physical exchange of genetic information
54
Diakinesis
Prophase of Meiosis I where the synaptonemal complex completely disappeared
55
Where are the two ends of a kinetochore microtubule?
Spindle pole and the kinetochore of the sister chromatids
56
During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated and sent to opposite poles?
Anaphase
57
What causes the cleavage furrow to ingress?
myosin motor proteins in the contractile ring hydrolyzes ATP which shortens ring which constricts plasma membrane which causes ingression
58
What is the end result of crossing over?
Exchange genetic information, increases possible combinations, genetic variation
59
How do the 4 cells at the end of meiosis differ from the original mother cell?
Daughter cells - haploid, not genetically identical to mother cell
60
How is the attachment of chromosomes to kinetochore microtubules during meiosis different from their attachment during metaphase of mitosis?
Only attached to one pair of chromatids in bivalent, not both; each pair of sister chromatids is attached to one pole, instead of both poles
61
What are the functional roles of the mitotic spindle in an animal cell? Explain how these functions are related to the three types of microtubules: aster, polar, kinetochore
Mitotic spindle sorts chromosomes, promotes division of one cell into 2 daughter cells 1. Polar - overlap, push poles apart during anaphase 2. Aster - orient spindle in cell, cytokinesis 3. Kinetochore - attach to chromosomes, sorting, align chromosomes at metaphase plate, pull chromosomes during anaphase
62
If a diploid cell contains 4 chromosomes how many possible random arrangements of homologs could occur during metaphase of meiosis I?
2n where n = number of chromosomes per set so 16
63
When does crossing over usually occur, and what is the end result?
Prophase of meiosis I, exchange of pieces between homologous chromosomes
64
Sexual reproduction
Make gametes with half amount of genetic material that then fuse during fertilization
65
Gametogenesis
Produce gametes (sperm/egg cells)
66
Sperm cells
Male gametes that travel far distances to reach female gametes
67
Egg cell / ovum
Female gametes
68
Spermatogenesis
Production of sperm in testes
69
Oogenesis
Production of egg cells
70
Gametophyte
Plants where haploid multicellular organisms produced by mitotic cellular divisions of haploid spore
71
Are all of the cell nuclei in the embryo sac haploid or is just the egg haploid?
All of the cell nuclei in the embryo sac are haploid because a haploid megaspore undergoes mitosis so the sets of chromosomes are conserved
72
In animals, a key difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is: A only oogenesis involves meiosis B only spermatogenesis involves meiosis C spermatogenesis produces 4 sperm , whereas oogenesis produces 1 egg cell D None
C
73
Which of the following statements regarding plants is false? A meiosis within anthers produces spores that develop into pollen B meiosis within ovules produces spores that develop into embryo sac C male gametophyte is pollen grain, female gametophyte is embryo sac D meiosis directly produces sperm and egg cells in plants
D
74
Describe the attachments of kinetochore microtubules to sister chromatids and to spindle poles during metaphase of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II
In mitosis & meisosis II the kinetochore microtubules link sister chromatids to both poles In metaphase of meiosis I tetrads (pair of sister chromatids) are attached to one pole
75
What are key difference of anaphase when comparing mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II?
In mitosis and meiosis II: centromeres split, individual chromatids move to poles In Meiosis I centromeres don't split, tetrad split, pairs of sister chromatids move to poles
76
In human females, the egg cell that is fertilized is called the
Secondary oocyte
77
During metaphase I of meiosis, one pair of chromatids in a bivalent (but not both) is attached to a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Therefore, each pair of sister chromatids is attached to only one pole.
kinetochore microtubule
78
T/F: Each type of chromosome in a diploid cell is found in a homologous pair. Each chromosome in such a pair is referred to as a tetrad.
False
79
A pollen grain in a plant represents the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Male gametophyte
80
Cytokinesis in animals occurs through the formation of a \_\_\_\_\_\_, whereas in plants a ______ forms.
Cleavage furrow; cell plate
81
Which of the following represents the correct order of events during prophase I? Pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis - leptotene - zygotene Leptotene - zygotene - pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis zygotene - leptotene - pachytene - diakinesis - diplotene Diplotene - pachytene - leptotene - diakinesis - zygotene
Leptotene - zygotene - pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis
82
If an individual has allele "B" on one chromosome and allele "B" on the other chromosome, the individual is said to be what?
Homozygous
83
Select the phases that are not part of interphase. Check all that apply. S phase Metaphase G2 phase G1 phase
Metaphase

Biology (64 decks)

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