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Biology > Reproduction & chromosome transmission 2 > Flashcards

Reproduction & chromosome transmission 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Reproduction

A

Biological process by which new cells or new organisms are produced

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures within living cells that contain the genetic material

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA within the chromsomes

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Dont contain membrane bound organelles and dont have a nucleus

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5
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region of the cytoplasm where the prokaryotes chromosomes are held

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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Contain membrane bound organelles and also contain a nucleus

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7
Q

Cytogenetics

A

Field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes (Study of chromosomes)

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8
Q

Karyotype

A

Organized representation of chromosomes within a cell

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9
Q

Homozygous

A

Both homologs carry same allele (dominant or recessive)

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10
Q

Heterozygous

A

Homologs carry different alleles

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11
Q

Locus / loci

A

Physical location of a gene

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells exhibit compartmentalization? What does this mean?

A

Contains membrane-bound organelles with specific function

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13
Q

How do you think the end results would be affected if the cells were not treated with a hypotonic solution in a cytogenetics experiment?

A

The chromosomes would not be spread out within the cell, and it would be more difficult to see them

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14
Q

How are homologs similar to each other and how are they different?

A

Similar: sequence of bases differs by <1%, identical in size, same banding, one gene found on both

Different: same gene but different alleles (versions of gene)

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15
Q

Which of the following is not found in a prokaryotic cell?
A plasma membrane
B ribosome
C cell nucleus
D cytoplasm

A

C

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16
Q

When preparing a karyotype, which of the following steps is conducted?
A treat cell with drugs to begin cell division
B treat cells with hypotonic soln to swell
C expose cells to chemical dyes that bind to chromosomes, stain
D All

A

D

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17
Q

How many sets of chromosomes are found in human somatic cell, how many are in 1 set?
A 2 sets of 23
B 23 sets of 2
C 1 set of 23
D 23 sets of 1

A

B

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18
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

How unicelluar cells divide to produce daughter cells

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19
Q

Binary fission

A

How bacteria divides to produce daughter cells

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20
Q

What is the process of binary fusion?

A
  1. Duplicate circular chromosome, distribute copy to each daughter cell
  2. FtsZ protein assembles into ring at septum site & recruits other proteins to form septum (new cell wall)
  3. The Mother cell divided into 2 daughter cells each with copy of chromosomal genetic materia
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21
Q

cell cycle

A

How Eukaryotic cells divide

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22
Q

What stages are in the Interphase?

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
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23
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell prepare to divide

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24
Q

S phase

A

Chromosomes are replicated to form chromatids that are joined at centromere to form sister chromatids (dyad)

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25
Q

Chromatids

A

Two copies of chromosome

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26
Q

Centromere

A

Center joining sister chromatids together

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27
Q

Sister chromatids (dyad)

A

Two chromatids joined by centromere

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28
Q

Monad

A

Single chromatid within dyad, or an unreplicated chromosome

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29
Q

Kinetochore

A

Group of proteins bound to centromere, hold sister chromatids together

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30
Q

G2 phase

A

Cell accumulates materials necessary for nuclear and cell division

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31
Q

M phase (mitosis)

A

Distribute replicated chromosomes where each daughter receives same complement of chromosomes

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32
Q

Binary fission
A is a form of asexual reproduction
B is a way for bacteria to reproduce
C begins with a single mother cell and produces two genetically identical daughter cells
D All

A

D

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33
Q

Which of the following is the correct order of phases of cell cycle
A G1 G2 S M
B G1 S G2 M
C G1 G2 M S
D G1 S M G2

A

B

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34
Q

What is a critical event that occurs during S phase of cell cycle?
A cells decide whether or not to divide
B DNA replication produces pairs of sister chromatids
C chromosomes condense
D single nucleus divided into two nuclei

A

B

35
Q

What is the function of the FtsZ protein during binary fission?

A

Marks future site of septum, recruits other proteins to produce septum, structures that provide cells with organization, cell division

36
Q

What is the difference between G0and G1 phases?

A

G0 - nondividing stage
G1 - prepares to divide after reaching restriction point

37
Q

What is the difference between homologs versus chromatids within sister chromatids?

A

Homologs may have different alleles on each, chromatids are exact copies of parent DNA

38
Q

Mitotic spindle apparatus

A

Organization & separates chromosomes

39
Q

Prophase

A

The chromosomes begin to condense & form sister chromatids

40
Q

Prometaphase

A

The spindle poles forms within the daughter cell (at each end) where the sister chromatids go to oppsoite ends

41
Q

Metaphase plate

A

Where the sister chormatids align in a single row from head to tail

42
Q

Metaphase

A

The sister chromatids align into a single row along the metaphase plate from head to tail

43
Q

Anaphase

A

Where the connection between the sister chromatids are broken and the individual chromosome goes to one of the poles at the end of the cell

44
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes each the individual poles of the end of the cell where the nuclei divides into 2 & containing 6 chromsomes

45
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The two nuclei seperates into daughter cells

46
Q

Meiosis

A

Haploid cells are produced from a cell that was originally diploid & it has two different cell divisions Meiosis 1 & 2

47
Q

Leptotene stage

A

Prophase of Meiosis I where replicated chromosomes condense & become visible

48
Q

Diplotene

A

Prophase of Meiosis I where the synaptonemal complex mostly disappeared, bivalent pulls apart slightly

49
Q

Zygotene stage

A

Prophase of Meiosis I where homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves (In the synapsis)

50
Q

Synapsis

A

Homologous chromosomes recognize each other and begin to align themselves

51
Q

Pachytene

A

Prophase of Meiosis I where homologs completely aligned

52
Q

bivalents (tetrad)

A

Two pairs of sister chromatids (total of 4 chromatids)

53
Q

Crossing over

A

Physical exchange of genetic information

54
Q

Diakinesis

A

Prophase of Meiosis I where the synaptonemal complex completely disappeared

55
Q

Where are the two ends of a kinetochore microtubule?

A

Spindle pole and the kinetochore of the sister chromatids

56
Q

During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated and sent to opposite poles?

A

Anaphase

57
Q

What causes the cleavage furrow to ingress?

A

myosin motor proteins in the contractile ring hydrolyzes ATP which shortens ring which constricts plasma membrane which causes ingression

58
Q

What is the end result of crossing over?

A

Exchange genetic information, increases possible combinations, genetic variation

59
Q

How do the 4 cells at the end of meiosis differ from the original mother cell?

A

Daughter cells - haploid, not genetically identical to mother cell

60
Q

How is the attachment of chromosomes to kinetochore microtubules during meiosis different from their attachment during metaphase of mitosis?

A

Only attached to one pair of chromatids in bivalent, not both; each pair of sister chromatids is attached to one pole, instead of both poles

61
Q

What are the functional roles of the mitotic spindle in an animal cell? Explain how these functions are related to the three types of microtubules: aster, polar, kinetochore

A

Mitotic spindle sorts chromosomes, promotes division of one cell into 2 daughter cells

  1. Polar - overlap, push poles apart during anaphase
  2. Aster - orient spindle in cell, cytokinesis
  3. Kinetochore - attach to chromosomes, sorting, align chromosomes at metaphase plate, pull chromosomes during anaphase
62
Q

If a diploid cell contains 4 chromosomes how many possible random arrangements of homologs could occur during metaphase of meiosis I?

A

2n where n = number of chromosomes per set so 16

63
Q

When does crossing over usually occur, and what is the end result?

A

Prophase of meiosis I, exchange of pieces between homologous chromosomes

64
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Make gametes with half amount of genetic material that then fuse during fertilization

65
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Produce gametes (sperm/egg cells)

66
Q

Sperm cells

A

Male gametes that travel far distances to reach female gametes

67
Q

Egg cell / ovum

A

Female gametes

68
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of sperm in testes

69
Q

Oogenesis

A

Production of egg cells

70
Q

Gametophyte

A

Plants where haploid multicellular organisms produced by mitotic cellular divisions of haploid spore

71
Q

Are all of the cell nuclei in the embryo sac haploid or is just the egg haploid?

A

All of the cell nuclei in the embryo sac are haploid because a haploid megaspore undergoes mitosis so the sets of chromosomes are conserved

72
Q

In animals, a key difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is:
A only oogenesis involves meiosis

B only spermatogenesis involves meiosis

C spermatogenesis produces 4 sperm , whereas oogenesis produces 1 egg cell

D None

A

C

73
Q

Which of the following statements regarding plants is false?
A meiosis within anthers produces spores that develop into pollen
B meiosis within ovules produces spores that develop into embryo sac
C male gametophyte is pollen grain, female gametophyte is embryo sac
D meiosis directly produces sperm and egg cells in plants

A

D

74
Q

Describe the attachments of kinetochore microtubules to sister chromatids and to spindle poles during metaphase of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II

A

In mitosis & meisosis II the kinetochore microtubules link sister chromatids to both poles

In metaphase of meiosis I tetrads (pair of sister chromatids) are attached to one pole

75
Q

What are key difference of anaphase when comparing mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II?

A

In mitosis and meiosis II: centromeres split, individual chromatids move to poles

In Meiosis I centromeres don’t split, tetrad split, pairs of sister chromatids move to poles

76
Q

In human females, the egg cell that is fertilized is called the

A

Secondary oocyte

77
Q

During metaphase I of meiosis, one pair of chromatids in a bivalent (but not both) is attached to a _________. Therefore, each pair of sister chromatids is attached to only one pole.

A

kinetochore microtubule

78
Q

T/F: Each type of chromosome in a diploid cell is found in a homologous pair. Each chromosome in such a pair is referred to as a tetrad.

A

False

79
Q

A pollen grain in a plant represents the ________.

A

Male gametophyte

80
Q

Cytokinesis in animals occurs through the formation of a ______, whereas in plants a ______ forms.

A

Cleavage furrow; cell plate

81
Q

Which of the following represents the correct order of events during prophase I?

Pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis - leptotene - zygotene
Leptotene - zygotene - pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis
zygotene - leptotene - pachytene - diakinesis - diplotene
Diplotene - pachytene - leptotene - diakinesis - zygotene

A

Leptotene - zygotene - pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis

82
Q

If an individual has allele “B” on one chromosome and allele “B” on the other chromosome, the individual is said to be what?

A

Homozygous

83
Q

Select the phases that are not part of interphase. Check all that apply.

S phase
Metaphase
G2 phase
G1 phase

A

Metaphase

Biology (64 decks)

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