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Biology > Bacterial DNA Replication & Recombination > Flashcards

Bacterial DNA Replication & Recombination Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms used to explain DNA replication?

A
  1. Conservative model
  2. Semiconservative model
  3. Dispersive model
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2
Q

Existing DNA acts as a ________ for the synthesis of new strands

A

Template

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3
Q

The __________ strand are the DNA strand that are used as a template to form the new DNA strand (which is called the daughter strand)

A

Parental

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4
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

States A binds to T & G binds to C

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5
Q

Conservative model

A

Parental strands neanneal (produced)

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6
Q

Semiconservative (hybrid)

A

1 parental & 1 daughter strand produced

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7
Q

Dispersive

A

1 parental & daughter strand interspered

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8
Q

DNA replication is _________________

A

Semiconserative

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9
Q

Bacterial chromsomes contain a __________ origin of replication

A

Single

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10
Q

Origin of replication

A

Site on the bacterial chromsomes where DNA synthesis begins (only have one)

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11
Q

What are the requirments for bacterial replication?

A
  1. Origin of replication
  2. DNA polymerase
  3. Accessory enzymes & topoisomerase
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12
Q

The synthesis of new ___________ strand is initiated within the origin & proceeds in both directions (bidirectionslly) around the bacterial chromosome

A

Daughter

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13
Q

A replication fork

A

The site where the parental DNA strand have seperated & a new daughter strand is being formed

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14
Q

What are the 3 steps in bacterial DNA replication?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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15
Q

Initiation

A

Bacteria has one origin of replication where it occurs bidirectionally

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16
Q

Origin of replication in E. Coli is called ___________

A

OriC (Origin of chromosomeal replication)

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17
Q

Bacterial DNA replication begins with the binding of __________ to sequence within the origin of replication known as DnaA boxes

A

DnaA proteins

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18
Q

The ____________ served as recognition sites for the binding of the DnaA proteins where they bind to the five DnaA boxes in oric to start DNA replication

A

DnaA boxes

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19
Q

Other DNA binding proteins bind to the DnaA boxes to seperate _________ rich regions since they have only 2 hydrogen bonds & G-C has 3 hydrogen bonds so they can easily seperate A-T

A

A-T regions

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20
Q

______________ unwinds the DNA strand by breaking the A-T bond which can cause a supercoling

A

DNA helicase

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21
Q

DNA replication occurs at the _____________

A

Replication fork

22
Q

___________________ travels in front of the DNA helicase to release the supercoling

A

Topoisomerase 2

23
Q

Single strand binding proteins

A

Bind to the strands of parental DNA & prevents them from reforming after being seperated by DNA helicase

24
Q

After the bonds between the nucleotides are broken a ________ forms RNA primers where the RNA primers starts the DNA replication

A

Primase

25
Q

The leading stramd

A

Made in the same direction as the replication fork is moving

26
Q

The lagging strand

A

Short fragments in the opposite direction from the movement of the replication fork

27
Q

The DNA helicase moves in the ___________ direction & seperates the DNA strand in two directiion creating 2 replication forks

A

5’ to 3’ direction

28
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Synthesizes the new DNA strand (both the lagging & leading strand )

29
Q

DNA polymerase travels unidirectional in the 3’ to 5’ direction but makes new strand in the _________ direction which is antiparallel to the template strand & forms a daughter strand DNA (or new DNA)

A

5’ to 3’ direction

30
Q

A _____________ starts the replication process & DNA polymerase actually makes the new DNA strand

A

RNA primer

31
Q

What are the 5 types of DNA polymerase?

A
  1. Polyermase 1
  2. Polyermase 2
  3. Polyermase 3
  4. Polyermase 4
  5. Polyermase 5
32
Q

DNA polyermase ___ & _____ are used in normal DNA replication

A

1 & 3 (Mostly 3 though)

33
Q

DNA polymerase ___, _____, & _____ used in DNA repair

A

2, 4, & 5

34
Q

Polymerase is undirectional & only travels in the _____________ direction

A

5’ to 3’ direction

35
Q

The synthesis of the leading strand is ___________ whereas the synthesis of the lagging strand is ___________ process where it repeatedely needs to start

A

Continous, discontinous

36
Q

The lagging strands are known as what?

A

Okazaki Fragments

37
Q

____________ degrades the primer & fills in the gaps between the lagging strand

A

Polymerase 1

38
Q

_______ links the okazaki fragments together

A

Lingase

39
Q

_____________ removes the RNA from okazaki fragments (nuclease activity) (Polymerase activity forming DNA nucleotides the daughter strand)

A

Polyermase 1

40
Q

Each replication fork has a _______ & _______ strand

A

Leading & lagging strand

41
Q

________________ removes the RNA primers & fills it with DNA nucleotides

A

Polyermase 1

42
Q

Elongation

A

Leading & lagging strand elongate (due to polymerase 3)

43
Q

___________ is more complex than bacterial DNA replication where the chromosomes are larger, linear, longer, & highly packed

A

Eukaryotic replication

44
Q

__________ replication has multiple origin of replication (Initiation occurs at multiple origins of replication on linear eukaryotic chromosome)

A

Eukaryotic DNA replication

45
Q

_________________ can’t replicate ends of DNA genetic material is lost, it makes a new DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction but can’t start the replication process (Because no place for a primer to bind & polymerase needs a primer to start)

A

DNA polymerase

46
Q

____________ are repetitive sequences at the end of chromosomes that are 3’ overhang

A

Telomers

47
Q

_____________ enzyme replicates telomers to maintain the length of a chromosome, it has proteins & RNA where the RNA is complementary to telomerase sequence

A

Telomerase

48
Q

____________ makes 6 new nucleotides on the RNA template & the new nucleotides make a bind site for the primase to make the RNA primer

A

Telomerase

49
Q

___________ extends telomers

A

Telomerase

50
Q

The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are replicated by _________

A

Telomerase

51
Q

___________ prevents chromosome shortening

A

Telomerase

52
Q

__________ can cause stress which causes shorter telomeres (which is bad for our health)

A

Children

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