Energy, Catalysis, Biosynthesis

Question 1

ATP

Answer 1

Activated carrier that serves as the principal carrier of energy in cells; a nucleoside triphosphate composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. (See Figure 2 - 26.)

Question 2

Reduction

Answer 2

Addition of electrons to an atom, as occurs during the addition of hydrogen to a carbon atom or the removal of oxygen from it; can also refer to a partial shift of electrons between atoms linked by a covalent bond.

Question 3

Acetyl CoA

Answer 3

Activated carrier that donates the carbon atoms in its readily transferable acetyl group to many metabolic reactions, including the citric acid cycle and fatty acid biosynthesis; the acetyl group is linked to coenzyme A (CoA) by a thioester bond that releases a large amount of energy when hydrolyzed.

Question 4

Substrate

Answer 4

A molecule on which an enzyme acts to catalyze a chemical reaction.

Question 5

NADH

Answer 5

Activated carrier of electrons that is widely used in the energy-producing breakdown of sugar molecules. (See Figure 3 - 34.)

Question 6

Equilibrium

Answer 6

State in which the forward and reverse rates of a chemical reaction are equal so that no net chemical change occurs.

Question 7

Standard free-energy change

Answer 7

DeltaG⁰ (The free-energy change measured at a defined concentration, temperature, and pressure. )(See also free-energy change.)

Question 8

Enzyme

Answer 8

A protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction.

Question 9

Cell respiration

Answer 9

Process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food molecules; usually accompanied by the uptake of O2 and the release of CO2.

Question 10

Anabolism

Answer 10

Set of metabolic pathways by which large molecules are made from smaller ones.

Question 11

Equilibrium constant

Answer 11

K (For a reversible chemical reaction, the ratio of substrate to product when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.)

Question 12

Free-energy change

Answer 12

&Delta G (

Question 13

Going from ADP to ATP is what?

Answer 13

Positive delta G

Question 14

Photosynthesis is what type of process?

Answer 14

Reduction process where food molecules (sugar) is formed

Question 15

Metabolism

Answer 15

The sum total of the chemical reactions that take place in the cells of a living organism.

Question 16

NADPH

Answer 16

Activated carrier closely related to NADH and used as an electron donor in biosynthetic pathways. In the process it is oxidized to NADP+.

Question 17

Oxidation

Answer 17

Removal of electrons from an atom, as occurs during the addition of oxygen to a carbon atom or when a hydrogen is removed from a carbon atom; can also refer to a partial shift of electrons between atoms linked by a covalent bond.

Question 18

Free energy

Answer 18

G (Energy that can be harnessed to do work, such as driving a chemical reaction.)

Question 19

Catalyst

Answer 19

Substance that accelerates a chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy; enzymes perform this role in cells.

Question 20

NADP+

Answer 20

Molecule that accepts a hydride ion (H - ) from a donor molecule, thereby producing the activated carrier NADPH; widely used as an electron donor in biosynthetic pathways.

Question 21

Catabolism

Answer 21

Set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which complex molecules are degraded to simpler ones with release of energy; intermediates in these reactions are sometimes called catabolites.

Question 22

Photosynthesis

Answer 22

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Question 23

Activated carrier

Answer 23

A small molecule that stores energy or chemical groups in a form that can be donated to many different metabolic reactions. Examples include ATP, acetyl CoA, and NADH.

Question 24

Biosynthesis

Answer 24

An enzyme-catalyzed process by which complex molecules are formed from simpler substances by living cells; also called anabolism.

Question 25

Coupled reaction

Answer 25

Linked pair of chemical reactions in which free energy released by one reaction serves to drive the other reaction.

Question 26

NAD+

Answer 26

A molecule that accepts a hydride ion (H - ) from a donor molecule, thereby producing the activated carrier NADH. Widely used in the energy-producing breakdown of sugar molecules. (See Figure 3 - 34.)

Question 27

Cell Respiration is what type of process?

Answer 27

Oxidation process where food molecules are broken down & forms CO₂ & H₂O

Question 28

Diffusion

Answer 28

Process by which molecules and small particles move from one location to another by random, thermally driven motion.

Question 29

Entropy

Answer 29

Thermodynamic quantity that measures the degree of disorder in a system.

Question 30

ADP

Answer 30

Nucleoside diphosphate produced by hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate of ATP. (See Figure 3 - 31.)

Question 31

Going from ATP to ADP is what?

Answer 31

Negative delta G

Question 32

Activation energy

Answer 32

The energy that must be acquired by a molecule to undergo a chemical reaction.

Question 33

Catabolism is what type of reaction?

Answer 33

Oxidized reaction because it breaks down molecules

Question 34

Analbloism is what type of reaction?

Answer 34

Its a reduction reactions because it forms food molecules