Chapter one: The fundamental units of life (2)

Question 1

Protozoan

Answer 1

A free-living, nonphotosynthetic, single-celled, motile eukaryote.

Question 2

Cell

Answer 2

The basic unit from which a living organism is made; an aqueous solution of chemicals, enclosed by a membrane, that has an ability to self-replicate.

Question 3

Eukaryote

Answer 3

An organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm.

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. It serves as the cell’s store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation.

Question 5

Cytoskeleton

Answer 5

System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell shape and the capacity for directed movement. Its most abundant components are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

Question 6

Mitochondrion

Answer 6

Membrane-enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.

Question 7

Protein

Answer 7

Macromolecule built from amino acids that provides cells with their shape and structure and performs most of their activities.

Question 8

Triacylglycerol is a type of fatty acid that contains what?

Answer 8

3 hydrocarbons chains and gylcerol

Question 9

Fluorescence microscope

Answer 9

Instrument used to visualize a specimen that has been labeled with a fluorescent dye; samples are illuminated with a wavelength of light that excites the dye, causing it to fluoresce.

Question 10

Homologous

Answer 10

Describes genes, chromosomes, or any structures that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin. Can also refer to similarities between protein sequences or nucleic acid sequences.

Question 11

Fatty acids chains have _______ & ________

Answer 11

Hydrophillic heads (polar & acidic) & hydrophobic tails (non-polar & hydrocarbons)

Question 12

Lysosome

Answer 12

Contains enzymes that degrade intracellular & extracellular material (They break things down)

Question 13

Electron microscope

Answer 13

Instrument that illuminates a specimen using beams of electrons to reveal and magnify the structures of very small objects, such as organelles and large molecules.

Question 14

Cytosol

Answer 14

Contents of the main compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-enclosed organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The cell fraction remaining after membranes, cytoskeletal components, and other organelles have been removed.

Question 15

Nucleus

Answer 15

In biology, refers to the prominent, rounded structure that contains the DNA of a eukaryotic cell. In chemistry, refers to the dense, positively charged center of an atom.

Question 16

Plasma membrane

Answer 16

The protein-containing lipid bilayer that surrounds a living cell.

Question 17

RNA

Answer 17

Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. Serves a variety of informational, structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions in cells.

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

Membrane-enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies the proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum and sorts them for transport to other sites.

Question 19

Micrometer

Answer 19

Unit of length equal to one millionth (10 - 6) of a meter or 10 - 4 centimeter.

Question 20

Photosynthesis

Answer 20

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Question 21

Triacylglycerol are formed through ________

Answer 21

Condensation

Question 22

Model organism

Answer 22

A living thing selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species. Examples include the mouse (representing mammals), the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (representing a unicellular eukaryote), and Escherichia coli (representing bacteria).

Question 23

Genome

Answer 23

The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes of a cell or organism; in humans, the total number of nucleotide pairs in the 22 autosomes plus the X and Y chromosomes.

Question 24

Fatty Acids are saturated when what?

Answer 24

When there are no double bonds in the fatty acid

Question 25

Fatty acids are unsaturdated when what?

Answer 25

Double hydrogen bonds cause kinks in hydrocarbon tail

Question 26

Ribosome

Answer 26

Large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and proteins, that translates a messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain.

Question 27

Fatty acids is made of what two things?

Answer 27

1. Hydrophillic head- which is made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids gains & phosphate which makes it polar
2. Two hydrophobic tails

Question 28

Chromosome

Answer 28

Long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism; becomes visible as a distinct entity when a plant or animal cell prepares to divide.

Question 29

Archaeon

Answer 29

Microscopic organism that is a member of one of the two divisions of prokaryotes; often found in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine. (See also bacterium.)

Question 30

Evolution

Answer 30

Process of gradual modification and adaptation that occurs in living organisms over generations.

Question 31

Cytoplasm

Answer 31

Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in the case of eukaryotic cells, outside the nucleus.

Question 32

Organelle

Answer 32

A discrete structure or subcompartment of a eukaryotic cell that is specialized to carry out a particular function. Examples include mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus.

Question 33

Prokaryote

Answer 33

Major category of living cells distinguished by the absence of a nucleus; includes the archaea and the eubacteria (commonly called bacteria).

Question 34

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 34

Labyrinthine membrane-enclosed compartment in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells where lipids and proteins are made.

Question 35

Monosaccharide

Answer 35

1 sugar

Question 36

Macromolecules are formed through __________

Answer 36

Condensation

Question 37

Bacterium

Answer 37

Microscopic organism that is a member of one of the two divisions of prokaryotes; some species cause disease. The term is sometimes used to refer to any prokaryotic microorganism, although the world of prokaryotes also includes archaea, which are only distantly related to each other. (See also archaeon.)

Question 38

Chloroplast

Answer 38

Specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and serves as the site for photosynthesis.

Question 39

Microscope

Answer 39

Instrument for viewing extremely small objects. Some use a focused beam of visible light and are used to examine cells and organelles. Others use a beam of electrons and can be used to examine objects as small as individual molecules.