Mendel inheritance 4

Question 1

Trait

Answer 1

Characteristic

Question 2

True Bred (Breding True)

Answer 2

Means traits don’t change from generation to generation they stay the same (seen with homozyygous dominant)

Question 3

When you cross two homozgyous geneotypes (homozygous dominant & homozygous recessive) what is the result?

Answer 3

A heterozygous genotype

Question 4

Single factor cross (monohybrid cross)

Answer 4

Cross between one gene with two different allele

Question 5

The 3:1 ratio is consistent (agrees) with what law?

Answer 5

Law of segregation

Question 6

Law of Segregation

Answer 6

States that the two copies of a gene (the singular chromosomes in a pair) segrate (seperate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring

Question 7

Genotype

Answer 7

Type of genes (alleles) an individual has

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

Traits that are expressed

Question 9

The law of segregation predicts a phenotype ratio of what?

Answer 9

3:1 ratio (3 dominant trait, 1 recessive trait)

Question 10

A ____________ is used to predict the phenotype (& the ratio) of a cross or self-feritlization

Answer 10

Punnett Square

Question 11

In a __________ the genotype for both male & female is the same

Answer 11

Self- fertilization

Question 12

In a ___________ when crossing between 2 genes have 4 alleles

Answer 12

Dihybrid cross

Question 13

______________ is a cross between 2 genes (4 alleles)

Answer 13

Dihybrid cross (two factor cross)

Question 14

Recombinant genes (non-parental genes)

Answer 14

Phenotype that are different from the parent

Question 15

Law of independent assortment

Answer 15

States two different genes randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

Question 16

What is the expected phenotype ratio when dealing with the law of independent assortment?

Answer 16

9:3:3:1 ratio (& recombiant genes)

Question 17

How do you make a punnett square?

Answer 17

1. Need to know the genetoype being crossed
2. List out all the possible genotypes
3. Make a square & cross the genotypes

Question 18

Punnett sqaure can be used for independent assortment of genes (genes on different chromosomes) but not ) __________

Answer 18

Linked Genes (Genes on the same chromosome)

Question 19

How does the law of segregation relate to chromosome transmission?

Answer 19

Relates to Meiosis 2 (Segregation of the sister chromatids)

Question 20

A punnett square can only be used with 3 or less genes when there is more than 3 genes have to use __________ or ___________

Answer 20

Product rule or sum rule

Question 21

Chromosome theory of inheritance

Answer 21

States that the inheritance patterns of traits can be explained by the transmission patterns of chromosomes during meiosis

Question 22

___________ contains only one set of chromosome (have one chromosome per set not two )

Answer 22

Gametes

Question 23

Probability

Answer 23

The likelihood that an outcome will occur

Question 24

What is the forumla for probability?

Answer 24

P = # of times an outcome will occur / total # of possible outcomes

Question 25

Product rule (AND rule)

Answer 25

The probability that two or less events will occur together

Question 26

How do you use the product rule?

Answer 26

1. Calculate the individual probabilities 2. Multiply all the individual probabilities together

Question 27

Sum rule (OR rule)

Answer 27

Probability that an event will occur without affected others

Question 28

How do you use the sum rule?

Answer 28

1. Solve for the individual probabilities 2. Add all the individual probabilities together

Question 29

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used to predict how valid a hypothesis is (is the observed experminent similar to the expected)

Answer 29

Chi square test

Question 30

How do you use the chi square test?

Answer 30

1. Form a hypothesis 2. Calculate E 3. Apply the chi square formula 4. Convert the value from the chi square into P (probability) fromt he chi square table

Question 31

Null Hypothesis (H₀)

Answer 31

States that O (observed) is similar to E (expected)

Question 32

A __________ chi square value means that O is similar to E

Answer 32

Low

Question 33

A ___________ chi square value means the O isn't similar to E

Answer 33

High

Question 34

When you convert the chi square value into P if P is less than or equal to 0.05 then it means what?

Answer 34

That O isn't similar to E (the observed data isn't consistent with the hypothesis)

Question 35

When you convert the chi square value to P & the P value is greater than 0.05 then what does that mean?

Answer 35

That O is similar to E & the observed is consistent with the hypothesis

Question 36

Test cross

Answer 36

It test independent assortment where the genotype ratio is 1:1:1:1

Question 37

What type of genotype are involved in a test cross?

Answer 37

When you cross a heter. with a homo.

Question 38

When you cross two heter. with each other what is the expected phenotype ratio?

Answer 38

9:3:3:1