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Biology > Mendel inheritance 4 > Flashcards

Mendel inheritance 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Trait

A

Characteristic

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2
Q

True Bred (Breding True)

A

Means traits don’t change from generation to generation they stay the same (seen with homozyygous dominant)

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3
Q

When you cross two homozgyous geneotypes (homozygous dominant & homozygous recessive) what is the result?

A

A heterozygous genotype

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4
Q

Single factor cross (monohybrid cross)

A

Cross between one gene with two different allele

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5
Q

The 3:1 ratio is consistent (agrees) with what law?

A

Law of segregation

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6
Q

Law of Segregation

A

States that the two copies of a gene (the singular chromosomes in a pair) segrate (seperate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring

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7
Q

Genotype

A

Type of genes (alleles) an individual has

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

Traits that are expressed

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9
Q

The law of segregation predicts a phenotype ratio of what?

A

3:1 ratio (3 dominant trait, 1 recessive trait)

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10
Q

A ____________ is used to predict the phenotype (& the ratio) of a cross or self-feritlization

A

Punnett Square

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11
Q

In a __________ the genotype for both male & female is the same

A

Self- fertilization

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12
Q

In a ___________ when crossing between 2 genes have 4 alleles

A

Dihybrid cross

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13
Q

______________ is a cross between 2 genes (4 alleles)

A

Dihybrid cross (two factor cross)

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14
Q

Recombinant genes (non-parental genes)

A

Phenotype that are different from the parent

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15
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

States two different genes randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

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16
Q

What is the expected phenotype ratio when dealing with the law of independent assortment?

A

9:3:3:1 ratio (& recombiant genes)

17
Q

How do you make a punnett square?

A
  1. Need to know the genetoype being crossed
  2. List out all the possible genotypes
  3. Make a square & cross the genotypes
18
Q

Punnett sqaure can be used for independent assortment of genes (genes on different chromosomes) but not ) __________

A

Linked Genes (Genes on the same chromosome)

19
Q

How does the law of segregation relate to chromosome transmission?

A

Relates to Meiosis 2 (Segregation of the sister chromatids)

20
Q

A punnett square can only be used with 3 or less genes when there is more than 3 genes have to use __________ or ___________

A

Product rule or sum rule

21
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

States that the inheritance patterns of traits can be explained by the transmission patterns of chromosomes during meiosis

22
Q

___________ contains only one set of chromosome (have one chromosome per set not two )

A

Gametes

23
Q

Probability

A

The likelihood that an outcome will occur

24
Q

What is the forumla for probability?

A

P = # of times an outcome will occur / total # of possible outcomes

25
Q

Product rule (AND rule)

A

The probability that two or less events will occur together

26
Q

How do you use the product rule?

A
  1. Calculate the individual probabilities
  2. Multiply all the individual probabilities together
27
Q

Sum rule (OR rule)

A

Probability that an event will occur without affected others

28
Q

How do you use the sum rule?

A
  1. Solve for the individual probabilities
  2. Add all the individual probabilities together
29
Q

_____________ is used to predict how valid a hypothesis is (is the observed experminent similar to the expected)

A

Chi square test

30
Q

How do you use the chi square test?

A
  1. Form a hypothesis
  2. Calculate E
  3. Apply the chi square formula
  4. Convert the value from the chi square into P (probability) fromt he chi square table
31
Q

Null Hypothesis (H0)

A

States that O (observed) is similar to E (expected)

32
Q

A __________ chi square value means that O is similar to E

A

Low

33
Q

A ___________ chi square value means the O isn’t similar to E

A

High

34
Q

When you convert the chi square value into P if P is less than or equal to 0.05 then it means what?

A

That O isn’t similar to E (the observed data isn’t consistent with the hypothesis)

35
Q

When you convert the chi square value to P & the P value is greater than 0.05 then what does that mean?

A

That O is similar to E & the observed is consistent with the hypothesis

36
Q

Test cross

A

It test independent assortment where the genotype ratio is 1:1:1:1

37
Q

What type of genotype are involved in a test cross?

A

When you cross a heter. with a homo.

38
Q

When you cross two heter. with each other what is the expected phenotype ratio?

A

9:3:3:1

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