History & Basic Concept

Question 1

A zygote goes through DNA development to form an _______

Answer 1

Embryo

Question 2

Fertilization results in a single cell called a ________

Answer 2

Zygote

Question 3

Why Study Development?

Answer 3

Because of birth defects where 5% of people have defects causes by mutations or environment

Question 4

A zygote contains what?

Answer 4

A nucleus from the sperm (dad) & nucleus from the egg (mom)

Question 5

Regeneration & Cancer

Answer 5

Focus on stems to make new organs in fetus or make new organs in adults after an injury

Question 6

Regeneration

Answer 6

Stem cells used to make new organs in adults after an injury

Question 7

Developmental biology

Answer 7

Includes embryogenesis - zygote turning into an embryo

Question 8

________ occurs during post-embryonic

Answer 8

Growth

Question 9

_____________ occurs during larve or juvenile

Answer 9

Metamorphesis

Question 10

_______/______ occurs during adult hood

Answer 10

Maintenance/ Aging

Question 11

_____________ occurs during adulthood

Answer 11

Regeneration

Question 12

Preformation

Answer 12

Is the belief that the embryo was already fully developed

Question 13

__________ theory states cells are a basic unit of life where the zygote has one cell, an embryo has many cells, & an organism is made up of groups of cells

Answer 13

Cell theory

Question 14

Cell theory helped so that development is based on _________

Answer 14

Epigenesis (Not preformation)

Question 15

August Weismann discovered that __________ involved with heredity

Answer 15

Germ cells

Question 16

How did August Weismann discover germs cell involved with heredity?

Answer 16

By using sea Urchins where it was shown that the nucleus contains heredity

Question 17

Cells become different either by the _______ or _______ hypothesis

Answer 17

Mosaic or Regulate hypothesis

Question 18

Mosaic Hypothesis

Answer 18

Cells fate predetermined by the egg before feralization where the factors are in the cytoplasm such as proteins, RNA, & its asymmetrical

Question 19

Predetermine asymmetry leads to division which leads to ___________

Answer 19

Differentiation

Question 20

What was used to test the mosaic hypothesis?

Answer 20

Used frog egg where they used a hot needle on the left side n killed the left side but the right side still developed normally, they realized that the cell is not affected by its surrounding

Question 21

What happened when testing mosaic hypothesis on sea urchins?

Answer 21

Found out that the cells of sea urchins separate & are affected by their surroundings which resulted in small animals because lost half of embryo so the sea urchin develops under regulation hypothesis (development)

Question 22

Regulate development

Answer 22

If part of the embryo is missing the embryo can regulate/restore to cause normal development

Question 23

Mosaic development

Answer 23

Is unregulated/ uncontrolled & predetermined

Question 24

Induction

Answer 24

Is a cell-cell communication when one cell induces another to do/ become something

Question 25

Spemann Organizer

Answer 25

Induction center & control body development

Question 26

________ in humans is result of stem cells behaving like organizer cells in vitro

Answer 26

Induction

Question 27

Transplant human stem cells into ________ resulted in chicken making a second nervous system & resulted in a human chicken hybrid that would die before hatching

Answer 27

Chicken embryo

Question 28

What are the criteria for a good organism model?

Answer 28

1. Sequenced genome 2. Fast life cycle 3. Similar to human 4. Practical 5. Embryo Access

Question 29

With early research _______ & _______ were used because they were easy to get, manipulate, & had large embryos

Answer 29

Sea Urchins & Amphibians

Question 30

In modern research _________ like fly & _________ like mouse & zebra fish is used

Answer 30

Invertebrates, Vertebrates

Question 31

What are the Pros & Cons of using a chicken?

Answer 31

Pro: assessable & manipulation Con: genetic manipulation

Question 32

What are the pros & cons of using a mouse?

Answer 32

Pro: mammal & genetic manipulation Con: embryo inaccessible

Question 33

Forward genetics

Answer 33

Don't know certain genes but ID certain genes, have spontaneous mutations, induced random mutation (red phenotype is the ade1 genotype)

Question 34

Reverse genetics

Answer 34

Genotype is the same as phenotype, it knows the gene, unknown function, mutate gene & observe phenotype

Question 35

Fertilization of zygote cause by a cleavage that causes rapid _______ (no G1 or G2) where the results are the embryo is the same size & cells get smaller

Answer 35

Mitosis (S & M ohase repeat)

Question 36

One big zygote result in many _________

Answer 36

Small cells (Strategy is to make as many small cells, organize/ specialize & grow bigger

Question 37

What are the four principles of development?

Answer 37

1. Pattern formation 2. Morphogenesis 3. Differentiation 4. Growth

Question 38

Pattern formation

Answer 38

Makes overall body plan

Question 39

What are the main axes in pattern formation

Answer 39

1. AP: Anterior/ posterior (head to tail) 2. DV: Dorsal/Ventral (Back to belly) 3. LR: Left/Right

Question 40

What are the 3 germ layers?

Answer 40

1. Ectoderm 2. Mesoderm 3. Endoderm

Question 41

Morphogenesis

Answer 41

Changes 3D shape

Question 42

Gastrulation

Answer 42

1. Some cells move inside: mesoderm, endoderm | 2. Some cells cover outside: ectoderm

Question 43

Blastula is the same as ________

Answer 43

Gastrula

Question 44

Growth

Answer 44

Is the size

Question 45

Early development

Answer 45

Forms body plan (small scale) little growth

Question 46

Later development

Answer 46

Small to big (mitosis, cell size, ECM) different growth rate

Question 47

Developmental genes

Answer 47

Regulate cell behavior (RTFs, growth factors, receptors, signaling proteins) (tight control)

Question 48

C. elegans

Answer 48

9% of total genes involved in development genes

Question 49

Genomic equivalence

Answer 49

All cells have the same DNA

Question 50

What genes are not lost during development?

Answer 50

1. Heart cells | 2. Kidney genes

Question 51

Cloning test

Answer 51

Took a nucleus from mature cell & put in enucleated egg (found that mature cells still have all genes & can make all cell type in new embryo)

Question 52

Even though all cells have the same DNA they are still different because of _____ where they have differential gene expression

Answer 52

RTFs

Question 53

Differential genes expression

Answer 53

20,000 genes in humans where mature cell express 1,000 genes the house keeping genes & cell-specific genes

Question 54

What is the basic stage of vertebrate development?

Answer 54

1. Gametogenesis 2. Fertilization 3. Cleavage 4. Gastrulation 5. Organogenesis 6. Larval stages 7. Maturity