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Biology > History & Basic Concept > Flashcards

History & Basic Concept Flashcards

1
Q

A zygote goes through DNA development to form an _______

A

Embryo

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2
Q

Fertilization results in a single cell called a ________

A

Zygote

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3
Q

Why Study Development?

A

Because of birth defects where 5% of people have defects causes by mutations or environment

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4
Q

A zygote contains what?

A

A nucleus from the sperm (dad) & nucleus from the egg (mom)

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5
Q

Regeneration & Cancer

A

Focus on stems to make new organs in fetus or make new organs in adults after an injury

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6
Q

Regeneration

A

Stem cells used to make new organs in adults after an injury

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7
Q

Developmental biology

A

Includes embryogenesis - zygote turning into an embryo

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8
Q

________ occurs during post-embryonic

A

Growth

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9
Q

_____________ occurs during larve or juvenile

A

Metamorphesis

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10
Q

_______/______ occurs during adult hood

A

Maintenance/ Aging

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11
Q

_____________ occurs during adulthood

A

Regeneration

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12
Q

Preformation

A

Is the belief that the embryo was already fully developed

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13
Q

__________ theory states cells are a basic unit of life where the zygote has one cell, an embryo has many cells, & an organism is made up of groups of cells

A

Cell theory

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14
Q

Cell theory helped so that development is based on _________

A

Epigenesis (Not preformation)

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15
Q

August Weismann discovered that __________ involved with heredity

A

Germ cells

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16
Q

How did August Weismann discover germs cell involved with heredity?

A

By using sea Urchins where it was shown that the nucleus contains heredity

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17
Q

Cells become different either by the _______ or _______ hypothesis

A

Mosaic or Regulate hypothesis

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18
Q

Mosaic Hypothesis

A

Cells fate predetermined by the egg before feralization where the factors are in the cytoplasm such as proteins, RNA, & its asymmetrical

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19
Q

Predetermine asymmetry leads to division which leads to ___________

A

Differentiation

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20
Q

What was used to test the mosaic hypothesis?

A

Used frog egg where they used a hot needle on the left side n killed the left side but the right side still developed normally, they realized that the cell is not affected by its surrounding

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21
Q

What happened when testing mosaic hypothesis on sea urchins?

A

Found out that the cells of sea urchins separate & are affected by their surroundings which resulted in small animals because lost half of embryo so the sea urchin develops under regulation hypothesis (development)

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22
Q

Regulate development

A

If part of the embryo is missing the embryo can regulate/restore to cause normal development

23
Q

Mosaic development

A

Is unregulated/ uncontrolled & predetermined

24
Q

Induction

A

Is a cell-cell communication when one cell induces another to do/ become something

25
Q

Spemann Organizer

A

Induction center & control body development

26
Q

________ in humans is result of stem cells behaving like organizer cells in vitro

27
Q

Transplant human stem cells into ________ resulted in chicken making a second nervous system & resulted in a human chicken hybrid that would die before hatching

A

Chicken embryo

28
Q

What are the criteria for a good organism model?

A
  1. Sequenced genome
  2. Fast life cycle
  3. Similar to human
  4. Practical
  5. Embryo Access
29
Q

With early research _______ & _______ were used because they were easy to get, manipulate, & had large embryos

A

Sea Urchins & Amphibians

30
Q

In modern research _________ like fly & _________ like mouse & zebra fish is used

A

Invertebrates, Vertebrates

31
Q

What are the Pros & Cons of using a chicken?

A

Pro: assessable & manipulation
Con: genetic manipulation

32
Q

What are the pros & cons of using a mouse?

A

Pro: mammal & genetic manipulation
Con: embryo inaccessible

33
Q

Forward genetics

A

Don’t know certain genes but ID certain genes, have spontaneous mutations, induced random mutation (red phenotype is the ade1 genotype)

34
Q

Reverse genetics

A

Genotype is the same as phenotype, it knows the gene, unknown function, mutate gene & observe phenotype

35
Q

Fertilization of zygote cause by a cleavage that causes rapid _______ (no G1 or G2) where the results are the embryo is the same size & cells get smaller

A

Mitosis (S & M ohase repeat)

36
Q

One big zygote result in many _________

A

Small cells (Strategy is to make as many small cells, organize/ specialize & grow bigger

37
Q

What are the four principles of development?

A
  1. Pattern formation
  2. Morphogenesis
  3. Differentiation
  4. Growth
38
Q

Pattern formation

A

Makes overall body plan

39
Q

What are the main axes in pattern formation

A
  1. AP: Anterior/ posterior (head to tail)
  2. DV: Dorsal/Ventral (Back to belly)
  3. LR: Left/Right
40
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
41
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Changes 3D shape

42
Q

Gastrulation

A
  1. Some cells move inside: mesoderm, endoderm

2. Some cells cover outside: ectoderm

43
Q

Blastula is the same as ________

44
Q

Growth

A

Is the size

45
Q

Early development

A

Forms body plan (small scale) little growth

46
Q

Later development

A

Small to big (mitosis, cell size, ECM) different growth rate

47
Q

Developmental genes

A

Regulate cell behavior (RTFs, growth factors, receptors, signaling proteins) (tight control)

48
Q

C. elegans

A

9% of total genes involved in development genes

49
Q

Genomic equivalence

A

All cells have the same DNA

50
Q

What genes are not lost during development?

A
  1. Heart cells

2. Kidney genes

51
Q

Cloning test

A

Took a nucleus from mature cell & put in enucleated egg (found that mature cells still have all genes & can make all cell type in new embryo)

52
Q

Even though all cells have the same DNA they are still different because of _____ where they have differential gene expression

53
Q

Differential genes expression

A

20,000 genes in humans where mature cell express 1,000 genes the house keeping genes & cell-specific genes

54
Q

What is the basic stage of vertebrate development?

A
  1. Gametogenesis
  2. Fertilization
  3. Cleavage
  4. Gastrulation
  5. Organogenesis
  6. Larval stages
  7. Maturity

Biology (64 decks)

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