Mendel inheritance 3

Question 1

Mendel chose __________ as his experimental organism

Answer 1

Pea plants

Question 2

Gamete (haploid cells)

Answer 2

Haploid cells that can unite with another gamete to form a zygote (diploid)

Question 3

Trait

Answer 3

Describes the specific properties of a character (Ex. blue eye color is a triat)

Question 4

Character

Answer 4

General characteristic of an organism (Ex. eye color is a charatcer of human)

Question 5

Breed true

Answer 5

Means that trait don’t change from one generation to the next (Ex. If a pea plant has yellow seeds the next generation will have yellow seeds)

Question 6

True breeding line

Answer 6

Produce the same traits for every generation

Question 7

3:1 ratio

Answer 7

The common ratio when crossing between different genes (3 dominant genes are expressed & one recessive genes is expressed)

Question 8

Mendel 3:1 phenotype ratio consistent with _______________

Answer 8

Law of segregation

Question 9

Allele

Answer 9

A different form of the same gene

Question 10

Mendel’s law of segregation

Answer 10

States that the two copies of a gene segregate (seperate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring

(Since there is a pair of chromosome each chromatid within the pair contains the same version of a gene or different version of the same gene (allele))

Question 11

___________________ results in only one copy of a gene in a gamete (haploid) which can cause the dominant \ recessive traits formed when the gamete is turned into a zygote (daploid cell)

Answer 11

Mendel’s law of segregation

Question 12

Homozygous

Answer 12

When an individual has two identical copies of a gene (Ex. A person has 2 dominant gene or 2 recessive genes)

Question 13

Heterozygous

Answer 13

An individual carries one different version of the same gene (Ex. Carry a dominant & recessive version of that gene) (Tt- dominant & recessive gene)

Question 14

Genotype

Answer 14

The type of gene an individual has (Ex. Tt or TT, etc)

Question 15

Phenotype

Answer 15

The observed traits of an individual

Question 16

_______________ predicts that the phenotype of an individual will be in a 3:1 ratio (3-dominant & 1-recessive gene if the parent are heterzygous)

Answer 16

Mendel’s law of segregation

Question 17

A _______________ can be used to predict the outcome of a cross (or self-fertilization) experiment

Answer 17

Punnett Square

Question 18

To make a punnett square you need to know what?

Answer 18

The genotype of each parent

Question 19

The phenotype expressed (seen) is dependent on what gene?

Answer 19

Dominanat gene

Question 20

Nonparental genes

Answer 20

Genes that are not the same as either one of the parent genes

Question 21

Mendel’s two factor crosses (crossing between two different genes with different alleles) led to what ?

Answer 21

The law of independent assortment

Question 22

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

Answer 22

States that two different genes randomly assort (combine) their alleles during the formation of a haploid cell

Question 23

When two dfiiferent genes (with different alleles) are crossed what ratio is usually predicted?

Answer 23

9:3:3:1 ratio

Question 24

A ___________ can be used to predict the offspring from independent assortment problems

Answer 24

A punnett Square

Question 25

The _____________ & ______________ methods can be used to solve independent assortment with 3 or more different genes

Answer 25

Multiplication & fork - line methods

Question 26

________________ relates the behavior of chromosomes to the mendelian inheritance of traits

Answer 26

The chromosome theory of inheritance

Question 27

Chromosome theory of inheritance

Answer 27

The inheritance patterns of traits can be explained by the transmission patterns of chromosomes during meiosis & fertilization

Question 28

____________________ is explained by the segregation of homologs during meiosis

Answer 28

Law of segregation

Question 29

__________________ is explained by random alignment of homologs during meiosis

Answer 29

The law of independent assortment

Question 30

Genetic recombination

Answer 30

When an offspring receives a combination of alleles that are different from both parent (Independent assortment & crossing over can cause it)

Question 31

A ____________ is a family tree

Answer 31

Pedigree

Question 32

What are the descriptions of a pedigree?

Answer 32

1. The oldest generation is at the top & youngest is on the bottom
2. A male is represented by a square & a female by a circle
3. If a male & female produce an offspring they are connected by a straight line
4. If a person has a disease is reprsented with a square or circle shaded in

Question 33

_____________ used to determine if ratio is reliable (If the observed is similar to the expected)

Answer 33

Chi square test

Question 34

When O isn’t similar to E usually means what?

Answer 34

That the hypothesis is wrong

Question 35

What is a null hypothesis (H₀)?

Answer 35

Hypothesis that means O is similar to E (Get what we expected)

Question 36

If the value for the chi square is high what does the mean?

Answer 36

Means that O (Observed) is similar to E (Expected)

Question 37

What does a low Chi square mean?

Answer 37

Means that O (observed) is similar to E (expected)

Question 38

After you get the chi square value what do you have to do?

Answer 38

Convert it into P (probability)

Question 39

If P is less than or equal to 0.5 what does that mean?

Answer 39

Means have to reject the null hypothesis (O doesn’t match E)

Question 40

Null Hypothesis

Answer 40

That O is similar to E

Question 41

If P (probability) is greater than 0.5 what does that mean?

Answer 41

That have to accept the null hypothesis (O is similar to E)

Question 42

What are the steps used to calculate the chi square test?

Answer 42

1. Form a hypothesis
2. Calculate E
3. Apply the chi square formula
4. Convert it into P

Question 43

Degree of freedom(df)

Answer 43

df= n-1

(n = # of catoergies (phenotypes) )

Question 44

In the chi square test O comes from where?

Answer 44

The experiment

Question 45

In the chi square test E comes from where?

Answer 45

The hypothesis

Question 46

When you cross 2 genes (4 alleles) that are both true dreeds ( Homozygous Dominant) what is the result?

Answer 46

All heterozygous