Mendel inheritance 3 Flashcards
Mendel chose __________ as his experimental organism
Pea plants
Gamete (haploid cells)
Haploid cells that can unite with another gamete to form a zygote (diploid)
Trait
Describes the specific properties of a character (Ex. blue eye color is a triat)
Character
General characteristic of an organism (Ex. eye color is a charatcer of human)
Breed true
Means that trait don’t change from one generation to the next (Ex. If a pea plant has yellow seeds the next generation will have yellow seeds)
True breeding line
Produce the same traits for every generation
3:1 ratio
The common ratio when crossing between different genes (3 dominant genes are expressed & one recessive genes is expressed)
Mendel 3:1 phenotype ratio consistent with _______________
Law of segregation
Allele
A different form of the same gene
Mendel’s law of segregation
States that the two copies of a gene segregate (seperate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring
(Since there is a pair of chromosome each chromatid within the pair contains the same version of a gene or different version of the same gene (allele))
___________________ results in only one copy of a gene in a gamete (haploid) which can cause the dominant \ recessive traits formed when the gamete is turned into a zygote (daploid cell)
Mendel’s law of segregation
Homozygous
When an individual has two identical copies of a gene (Ex. A person has 2 dominant gene or 2 recessive genes)
Heterozygous
An individual carries one different version of the same gene (Ex. Carry a dominant & recessive version of that gene) (Tt- dominant & recessive gene)
Genotype
The type of gene an individual has (Ex. Tt or TT, etc)
Phenotype
The observed traits of an individual
_______________ predicts that the phenotype of an individual will be in a 3:1 ratio (3-dominant & 1-recessive gene if the parent are heterzygous)
Mendel’s law of segregation
A _______________ can be used to predict the outcome of a cross (or self-fertilization) experiment
Punnett Square
To make a punnett square you need to know what?
The genotype of each parent
The phenotype expressed (seen) is dependent on what gene?
Dominanat gene
Nonparental genes
Genes that are not the same as either one of the parent genes
Mendel’s two factor crosses (crossing between two different genes with different alleles) led to what ?
The law of independent assortment
Mendel’s law of independent assortment
States that two different genes randomly assort (combine) their alleles during the formation of a haploid cell
When two dfiiferent genes (with different alleles) are crossed what ratio is usually predicted?
9:3:3:1 ratio
A ___________ can be used to predict the offspring from independent assortment problems
A punnett Square
The _____________ & ______________ methods can be used to solve independent assortment with 3 or more different genes
Multiplication & fork - line methods
________________ relates the behavior of chromosomes to the mendelian inheritance of traits
The chromosome theory of inheritance
Chromosome theory of inheritance
The inheritance patterns of traits can be explained by the transmission patterns of chromosomes during meiosis & fertilization
____________________ is explained by the segregation of homologs during meiosis
Law of segregation
__________________ is explained by random alignment of homologs during meiosis
The law of independent assortment
Genetic recombination
When an offspring receives a combination of alleles that are different from both parent (Independent assortment & crossing over can cause it)
A ____________ is a family tree
Pedigree
What are the descriptions of a pedigree?
- The oldest generation is at the top & youngest is on the bottom
- A male is represented by a square & a female by a circle
- If a male & female produce an offspring they are connected by a straight line
- If a person has a disease is reprsented with a square or circle shaded in
_____________ used to determine if ratio is reliable (If the observed is similar to the expected)
Chi square test
When O isn’t similar to E usually means what?
That the hypothesis is wrong
What is a null hypothesis (H0)?
Hypothesis that means O is similar to E (Get what we expected)
If the value for the chi square is high what does the mean?
Means that O (Observed) is similar to E (Expected)
What does a low Chi square mean?
Means that O (observed) is similar to E (expected)
After you get the chi square value what do you have to do?
Convert it into P (probability)
If P is less than or equal to 0.5 what does that mean?
Means have to reject the null hypothesis (O doesn’t match E)
Null Hypothesis
That O is similar to E
If P (probability) is greater than 0.5 what does that mean?
That have to accept the null hypothesis (O is similar to E)
What are the steps used to calculate the chi square test?
- Form a hypothesis
- Calculate E
- Apply the chi square formula
- Convert it into P
Degree of freedom(df)
df= n-1
(n = # of catoergies (phenotypes) )
In the chi square test O comes from where?
The experiment
In the chi square test E comes from where?
The hypothesis
When you cross 2 genes (4 alleles) that are both true dreeds ( Homozygous Dominant) what is the result?
All heterozygous
