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Control of Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

_____________ is the result of cells expressing different genes

A

Cell Differentiation

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2
Q

Cells have the ability to change which genes they express without altering the ___________ of their DNA

A

Nucleotide sequence

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3
Q

Gene expression can be regulate at __________ from DNA to RNA to proteins

A

Various Steps

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4
Q

What are the ways cells can control the amount of protein it contains ?

A
  1. Controlling when & how often a gene is transcribed
  2. Controlling how an RNA transcript is spliced or processed
  3. Selecting which mRNA are exported from the nucleus to the cytosol
  4. Regullating how quickly cetain mRNA molecules are degraded
  5. Selecting which mRNAs are transcribed into protiens by ribosomes
  6. Regulating how rapidly specific proteins are destroyed after they have been made
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5
Q

Transcription regulators (Transcription factors)

A

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences & control gene transcription

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6
Q

Different cells contain all the __________ needed to direct the formation of a complete organism

A

Nucleotide sequence (Genetic Information)

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7
Q

There is a _________ of cells because the genes are expressed differently

A

Varitey

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8
Q

Cells are cable of altering their patterns of _________ in response to outside signals

A

Gene Expression

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9
Q

The promoter of both bacterial & eukaryotic genes include __________

A

Transcription Site

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10
Q

Transcription Site

A

Is where RNA is syntheized & where the assembly of other sequences that contain recognition site for proteins (like the sigma factor or like the transcription factors)

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11
Q

Genes also have _________

A

Regulatory DNA sequences

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12
Q

Regulatory DNA sequences

A

Used to switch the gene on or off

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13
Q

Regulatory DNA sequence have to be recognized by __________ to be able to swtich a gene on or off

A

Transcription regulators

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14
Q

The binding of a __________ to a regulatory DNA sequences that acts as the switch to control transcription

A

Transcription Regulator

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15
Q

____________ bind to the DNA helix as a dimers which cause the strength in protein - DNA interaction to increase

A

Transcription regulators ( type of proteins)

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16
Q

__________ switches allows cells to respond to changes in their environment

A

Transcription

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17
Q

When a ____________ binds to an operator it blocks access of the RNA polymerase to the promoter which prevents transcription from occuring & even the prodcution of proteins

A

Transcription regulators

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18
Q

__________ turn genes off

A

Repressors

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19
Q

__________ turn genes on

A

Activators

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20
Q

Transcriptional respessor (type of protein)

A

Switches genes off (represses them)

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21
Q

Transcriptional Activators

A

Proteins that switches genes on

22
Q

Eukaryotic transcription regulators control __________ from a distance

A

Gene Expression

23
Q

Enhancers

A

The DNA site that eukaryotic activators bind to DNA

24
Q

_________ increase transcription & __________ decrease transcription

A

Activators, Repressor

25
Eukaryotic transcription regulators help start transcription by recruiting ____________ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chromatin modifying proteins & histones modifying proteins
26
Since the chromatin (DNA) is wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes which are tightly packed, it blocks the __________ from starting \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Promoter, transcription
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ needs chromatin remodeling proteins & histone modfying proteins to alter the nucleosome structure to gain access to the DNA strand & start transcription
Activators
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can use the chromatin remodeling proteins or the histone modifying enzymes to reduce the production of transcription
Repressors
29
As a result respressors can form transcription - resistent regions like the __________ which silences genes
Heterochromatin
30
The arrangment of chromosomes into looped domains keeps __________ in check
Enhancers
31
Eukaryotic genes are controlled by combinations of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Transcription regulators
32
Combinational control
The process by which groups of transcription regulators work together to determine the expression of a single gene
33
The expression of different genes can be cordinated by a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Single protein
34
Bacteria coordinate the expression of a set of genes by having them clustered together in an ________ under the control of a single promoter
Operon
35
A single transcription regulator can switch genes on or off in eukaryotic cells by completing the ___________ needed to activate or repress the genes so that eukaryotic cells can coordinate the expression of multiple genes
Combination
36
If different genes contain regulatory DNA sequences that are recognized by the same transcription regulator then they can be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Switched on or off
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of a few transcription regulators can generate many cells types during development
Combination
38
The formation of an __________ can be triggered by a simple transcription regulator
Entire Ogran
39
Transcritpion working in combination can control the ___________ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Sets of genes & Can produce a variety of cell types
40
Post-transcriptional controls
Operate after transcription has began
41
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contain sequences that control their translation
mRNA
42
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can inhibit translation by binding to specific nucleotide sequences in the 5' untranslated region of the mRNA which prevent the ribosome from finding the AUG sequence to start translation
Eukaryotic repressor
43
Regulatory RNAs also control \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The expression of genes
44
Regulatory RNAs
Noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression
45
What are the types of regulatory RNAs?
1. MicroRNAs 2. Small interfering RNAs 3. Long noncoding RNAs
46
MicroRNA
Direct the destruction of the targeted mRNAs
47
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
RNA molecules that control gene expression by base-pairing with specific mRNA
48
The miRNA makes a mature miRNA molecules that has an ____________ which looks for mRNA that are complementary in nucleotide sequence to its miRNA & once it has found one with base - pairs to its miRNA it either destroy it a nuclease or blocks its translation process
RNA - Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
49
Small interfering RNA
Protect cells from infections
50
RNA interference (RNAi)
Destroys RNA molecules that are double stranded by cutting them into fragments by a protein called a dicer
51
Dicer
The same protein used to generate the double stranded RNA
52
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
The small fragments from the cutting of the double - stranded RNA

Biology (64 decks)

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