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Biology > Control of Gene Expression > Flashcards

Control of Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

_____________ is the result of cells expressing different genes

A

Cell Differentiation

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2
Q

Cells have the ability to change which genes they express without altering the ___________ of their DNA

A

Nucleotide sequence

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3
Q

Gene expression can be regulate at __________ from DNA to RNA to proteins

A

Various Steps

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4
Q

What are the ways cells can control the amount of protein it contains ?

A
  1. Controlling when & how often a gene is transcribed
  2. Controlling how an RNA transcript is spliced or processed
  3. Selecting which mRNA are exported from the nucleus to the cytosol
  4. Regullating how quickly cetain mRNA molecules are degraded
  5. Selecting which mRNAs are transcribed into protiens by ribosomes
  6. Regulating how rapidly specific proteins are destroyed after they have been made
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5
Q

Transcription regulators (Transcription factors)

A

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences & control gene transcription

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6
Q

Different cells contain all the __________ needed to direct the formation of a complete organism

A

Nucleotide sequence (Genetic Information)

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7
Q

There is a _________ of cells because the genes are expressed differently

A

Varitey

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8
Q

Cells are cable of altering their patterns of _________ in response to outside signals

A

Gene Expression

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9
Q

The promoter of both bacterial & eukaryotic genes include __________

A

Transcription Site

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10
Q

Transcription Site

A

Is where RNA is syntheized & where the assembly of other sequences that contain recognition site for proteins (like the sigma factor or like the transcription factors)

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11
Q

Genes also have _________

A

Regulatory DNA sequences

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12
Q

Regulatory DNA sequences

A

Used to switch the gene on or off

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13
Q

Regulatory DNA sequence have to be recognized by __________ to be able to swtich a gene on or off

A

Transcription regulators

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14
Q

The binding of a __________ to a regulatory DNA sequences that acts as the switch to control transcription

A

Transcription Regulator

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15
Q

____________ bind to the DNA helix as a dimers which cause the strength in protein - DNA interaction to increase

A

Transcription regulators ( type of proteins)

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16
Q

__________ switches allows cells to respond to changes in their environment

A

Transcription

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17
Q

When a ____________ binds to an operator it blocks access of the RNA polymerase to the promoter which prevents transcription from occuring & even the prodcution of proteins

A

Transcription regulators

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18
Q

__________ turn genes off

A

Repressors

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19
Q

__________ turn genes on

A

Activators

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20
Q

Transcriptional respessor (type of protein)

A

Switches genes off (represses them)

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21
Q

Transcriptional Activators

A

Proteins that switches genes on

22
Q

Eukaryotic transcription regulators control __________ from a distance

A

Gene Expression

23
Q

Enhancers

A

The DNA site that eukaryotic activators bind to DNA

24
Q

_________ increase transcription & __________ decrease transcription

A

Activators, Repressor

25
Q

Eukaryotic transcription regulators help start transcription by recruiting ____________ & ___________

A

Chromatin modifying proteins & histones modifying proteins

26
Q

Since the chromatin (DNA) is wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes which are tightly packed, it blocks the __________ from starting ____________

A

Promoter, transcription

27
Q

_________ needs chromatin remodeling proteins & histone modfying proteins to alter the nucleosome structure to gain access to the DNA strand & start transcription

A

Activators

28
Q

__________ can use the chromatin remodeling proteins or the histone modifying enzymes to reduce the production of transcription

A

Repressors

29
Q

As a result respressors can form transcription - resistent regions like the __________ which silences genes

A

Heterochromatin

30
Q

The arrangment of chromosomes into looped domains keeps __________ in check

A

Enhancers

31
Q

Eukaryotic genes are controlled by combinations of ______________

A

Transcription regulators

32
Q

Combinational control

A

The process by which groups of transcription regulators work together to determine the expression of a single gene

33
Q

The expression of different genes can be cordinated by a ___________

A

Single protein

34
Q

Bacteria coordinate the expression of a set of genes by having them clustered together in an ________ under the control of a single promoter

A

Operon

35
Q

A single transcription regulator can switch genes on or off in eukaryotic cells by completing the ___________ needed to activate or repress the genes so that eukaryotic cells can coordinate the expression of multiple genes

A

Combination

36
Q

If different genes contain regulatory DNA sequences that are recognized by the same transcription regulator then they can be _____________

A

Switched on or off

37
Q

_____________ of a few transcription regulators can generate many cells types during development

A

Combination

38
Q

The formation of an __________ can be triggered by a simple transcription regulator

A

Entire Ogran

39
Q

Transcritpion working in combination can control the ___________ & ____________

A

Sets of genes & Can produce a variety of cell types

40
Q

Post-transcriptional controls

A

Operate after transcription has began

41
Q

_________ contain sequences that control their translation

A

mRNA

42
Q

____________ can inhibit translation by binding to specific nucleotide sequences in the 5’ untranslated region of the mRNA which prevent the ribosome from finding the AUG sequence to start translation

A

Eukaryotic repressor

43
Q

Regulatory RNAs also control ____________

A

The expression of genes

44
Q

Regulatory RNAs

A

Noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression

45
Q

What are the types of regulatory RNAs?

A
  1. MicroRNAs
  2. Small interfering RNAs
  3. Long noncoding RNAs
46
Q

MicroRNA

A

Direct the destruction of the targeted mRNAs

47
Q

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

A

RNA molecules that control gene expression by base-pairing with specific mRNA

48
Q

The miRNA makes a mature miRNA molecules that has an ____________ which looks for mRNA that are complementary in nucleotide sequence to its miRNA & once it has found one with base - pairs to its miRNA it either destroy it a nuclease or blocks its translation process

A

RNA - Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)

49
Q

Small interfering RNA

A

Protect cells from infections

50
Q

RNA interference (RNAi)

A

Destroys RNA molecules that are double stranded by cutting them into fragments by a protein called a dicer

51
Q

Dicer

A

The same protein used to generate the double stranded RNA

52
Q

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

A

The small fragments from the cutting of the double - stranded RNA

Biology (64 decks)

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