Control of Gene Expression Flashcards
_____________ is the result of cells expressing different genes
Cell Differentiation
Cells have the ability to change which genes they express without altering the ___________ of their DNA
Nucleotide sequence
Gene expression can be regulate at __________ from DNA to RNA to proteins
Various Steps
What are the ways cells can control the amount of protein it contains ?
- Controlling when & how often a gene is transcribed
- Controlling how an RNA transcript is spliced or processed
- Selecting which mRNA are exported from the nucleus to the cytosol
- Regullating how quickly cetain mRNA molecules are degraded
- Selecting which mRNAs are transcribed into protiens by ribosomes
- Regulating how rapidly specific proteins are destroyed after they have been made
Transcription regulators (Transcription factors)
Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences & control gene transcription
Different cells contain all the __________ needed to direct the formation of a complete organism
Nucleotide sequence (Genetic Information)
There is a _________ of cells because the genes are expressed differently
Varitey
Cells are cable of altering their patterns of _________ in response to outside signals
Gene Expression
The promoter of both bacterial & eukaryotic genes include __________
Transcription Site
Transcription Site
Is where RNA is syntheized & where the assembly of other sequences that contain recognition site for proteins (like the sigma factor or like the transcription factors)
Genes also have _________
Regulatory DNA sequences
Regulatory DNA sequences
Used to switch the gene on or off
Regulatory DNA sequence have to be recognized by __________ to be able to swtich a gene on or off
Transcription regulators
The binding of a __________ to a regulatory DNA sequences that acts as the switch to control transcription
Transcription Regulator
____________ bind to the DNA helix as a dimers which cause the strength in protein - DNA interaction to increase
Transcription regulators ( type of proteins)
__________ switches allows cells to respond to changes in their environment
Transcription
When a ____________ binds to an operator it blocks access of the RNA polymerase to the promoter which prevents transcription from occuring & even the prodcution of proteins
Transcription regulators
__________ turn genes off
Repressors
__________ turn genes on
Activators
Transcriptional respessor (type of protein)
Switches genes off (represses them)
Transcriptional Activators
Proteins that switches genes on
Eukaryotic transcription regulators control __________ from a distance
Gene Expression
Enhancers
The DNA site that eukaryotic activators bind to DNA
_________ increase transcription & __________ decrease transcription
Activators, Repressor
Eukaryotic transcription regulators help start transcription by recruiting ____________ & ___________
Chromatin modifying proteins & histones modifying proteins
Since the chromatin (DNA) is wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes which are tightly packed, it blocks the __________ from starting ____________
Promoter, transcription
_________ needs chromatin remodeling proteins & histone modfying proteins to alter the nucleosome structure to gain access to the DNA strand & start transcription
Activators
__________ can use the chromatin remodeling proteins or the histone modifying enzymes to reduce the production of transcription
Repressors
As a result respressors can form transcription - resistent regions like the __________ which silences genes
Heterochromatin
The arrangment of chromosomes into looped domains keeps __________ in check
Enhancers
Eukaryotic genes are controlled by combinations of ______________
Transcription regulators
Combinational control
The process by which groups of transcription regulators work together to determine the expression of a single gene
The expression of different genes can be cordinated by a ___________
Single protein
Bacteria coordinate the expression of a set of genes by having them clustered together in an ________ under the control of a single promoter
Operon
A single transcription regulator can switch genes on or off in eukaryotic cells by completing the ___________ needed to activate or repress the genes so that eukaryotic cells can coordinate the expression of multiple genes
Combination
If different genes contain regulatory DNA sequences that are recognized by the same transcription regulator then they can be _____________
Switched on or off
_____________ of a few transcription regulators can generate many cells types during development
Combination
The formation of an __________ can be triggered by a simple transcription regulator
Entire Ogran
Transcritpion working in combination can control the ___________ & ____________
Sets of genes & Can produce a variety of cell types
Post-transcriptional controls
Operate after transcription has began
_________ contain sequences that control their translation
mRNA
____________ can inhibit translation by binding to specific nucleotide sequences in the 5’ untranslated region of the mRNA which prevent the ribosome from finding the AUG sequence to start translation
Eukaryotic repressor
Regulatory RNAs also control ____________
The expression of genes
Regulatory RNAs
Noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression
What are the types of regulatory RNAs?
- MicroRNAs
- Small interfering RNAs
- Long noncoding RNAs
MicroRNA
Direct the destruction of the targeted mRNAs
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
RNA molecules that control gene expression by base-pairing with specific mRNA
The miRNA makes a mature miRNA molecules that has an ____________ which looks for mRNA that are complementary in nucleotide sequence to its miRNA & once it has found one with base - pairs to its miRNA it either destroy it a nuclease or blocks its translation process
RNA - Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
Small interfering RNA
Protect cells from infections
RNA interference (RNAi)
Destroys RNA molecules that are double stranded by cutting them into fragments by a protein called a dicer
Dicer
The same protein used to generate the double stranded RNA
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
The small fragments from the cutting of the double - stranded RNA