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Biology > Reproduction & chromosome transmission 3 > Flashcards

Reproduction & chromosome transmission 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromosomes

A

Are structures within living cells that contain the genetic material

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Dont have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Nucleiod

A

Where the prokaryote chromosomes are found

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have a nucleus & contain membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

Cytogenetics

A

Field that studies chromosomes

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6
Q

Karyotype

A

An organized representation of the chromosomes within a cell

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7
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes are inherited in _______

A

Sets

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8
Q

Diploid

A

Chromosomes that are a pair ( 2 sets of chromosomes)

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9
Q

Homologs

A

Are the pair of chromosomes that make a set (homologous pair where they are identical in shape & size & if one gene is found on one homolog then its also found on the other homolog)

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10
Q

Alleles

A

Two homologs that carry different verisons of the same gene

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11
Q

The _________ are not homologous pairs (Differ in shape & size & wouldnt contain the same gene)

A

Sex chromosomes (X & Y)

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12
Q

Homozyous

A

Both homologs carry the same alleles

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

Both homologs carry different alleles

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14
Q

Locus

A

Where the gene is located

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15
Q

Human somatic cells contains _____________

A

2 sets of 23 chromosomes

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16
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

When a cell divides to produce two new cells (the orginal cell is called the mother cell & the new cells are called the daughter cells)

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17
Q

Bacteria reproduce asexually through ___________

A

Binary Fission

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18
Q

What is the process of binary fission?

A
  1. The mother cell duplicates to make more genetic material
  2. Ftz (protein) assembles at the location where the septum will be
  3. Ftz forms the septum which is a cell wall for the two daughter cells
  4. The two daughter cells seperate & the mother cell has made two new daughter cells (They are usuallly identical cause they are copies of the mother cell)
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19
Q

Eukaryotic cells make daughter cells through what process?

A

Cell Cycle

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20
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis phase
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21
Q

The interphase is made up of what?

A
  1. Gap phase (G1 & G2 phase)
  2. Synthesis phase (S phase)
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22
Q

The _____ phase is a nondividing phase

A

G0

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23
Q

During the ____ phase a cell is grows where it reaches a restriction point & goes to the S phase

A

G1

24
Q

After the G1 restriction point a cell goes to the ________ where the chromosomes are replicated

A

S phase

25
Q

Chromatids

A

Two identical copies of chromosomes that are formed during the S phase & are joined together at the centromere to form sister chromatids (Dyad)

26
Q

After the ______ phase a cell has twice as many chromatids (chromosomes) than it did in the G2 phase

A

S phase

27
Q

Kinetochore

A

Group of protiens that are on the centromere & help hold the sister chromatids together

28
Q

During the ____ phase a cell gains the material needed for nuclear & cell division

A

G2 phase

29
Q

After the G2 phase a cell goes to the ____ phase where mitosis occurs

A

M phase

30
Q

During ________ the replicated chromosomes are distrubted & dividing a cell nucleus into two nucleis so that each daughter cell recieves the same verison of the chromosomes

A

Mitosis

31
Q

A human cell in the G2 phase has 92 chromosomes which has 46 pairs (sets) during ________ those 46 chromosomes are seperated into two nucleis that contain 46 chromosomes each

A

Mitosis

32
Q

After the M phase the two daughter cells are formed by a process called what?

A

Cytokinesis

33
Q

The _______ organizes & sorts eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Mitotic spindle apparatus (Mitotic spindle)

34
Q

The transmission of chromosomes during the divison of eukaryotic cells involves a process called what?

A

Mitosis

35
Q

What are the phase in mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
36
Q

During ___________ the chromatids become condense & more visible

A

Prophase (start of mitosis)

37
Q

After the prophase is __________ where the sister chromatids become attatched to the spindle

A

Prometaphase

38
Q

After the prometaphase is _________ where the sister chromatids align in the middle

A

Metaphase

39
Q

After metaphase is _______ where the chromatids divide & go to their individual poles at each end of the cell

A

Anaphase

40
Q

After Anaphase is __________ where the chromatids reach their poles & decondense & two seperate nucleis are formed

A

Telophase

41
Q

After telophase is ____________ where the two nuclei are seperated into each daughter cell

A

Cytokensis

42
Q

___________ & ___________ produce two daughter cells having the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell

A

Mitosis & Cytokinesis

43
Q

Diploid cells divide by a process called what?

A

Meiosis

44
Q

Meiosis

A

A process where haploid cells (cells with only one set of chromosome) are formed

45
Q

Meiosis produces cells that are ________

A

Haploid

46
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A
  1. Prophase of Meiosis 1
  2. Prometaphase of Meiosis 1
  3. Metaphase of Meiosis 1
  4. Anaphase of Meiosis 1
  5. Telophase of Meiosis 1 & Cytokinesis
  6. Meiosis 2
47
Q

What are the stages of Prophase of Meisosis 1?

A
  1. Leptotene Stage
  2. Zygotene Stage
  3. Pachytene Stage
  4. Diplotene Stage
  5. Diakinesis Stage
48
Q

Leptotene

A

Replicated chromosomes begin to condense & become visble

49
Q

Zygotene Stage

A

Involves synapsis- which the homologous chromosomes recognize each other to align themselves

50
Q

Pachytene Stage

A

The homologs are completely aligned (Bivalent- contains two pairs of sister chromatids(4 chromatids (tetrad))

51
Q

____________ occurs before pachytene stage where it involoves a phyical exchange of chromosomes piecies that results in exchange of genetic information

A

Crossing Over

52
Q

During ______________ the sister chromatids are randomly aligned in a double row

A

Metaphase of Meiosis 1

53
Q

During _____________ the two dyad seperate within the tetrad from each other & goes to opposites poles on the cell

A

Anaphase of Meiosis 1

54
Q

During ______________ & ___________ two new haploid cells formed

A

Telophase of Meiosis 1 & Cytokinesis

55
Q

___________ is similar to Mitosis except mitosis begins with six dyads (12 chromosomes) (chromatids) & in ___________ begins with 6 chromsomes (chromatids) or 3 dyads

A

Meiosis 2

56
Q

___________ produces two diploid daughter cells with six chromosomes each (12 chromosomes in total) & ___________ produces two haploid daughter cells with 3 chromsomes each (6 chromosomes in total)

A

Mitosis, Meiosis

57
Q

The cells produced by __________ are genetically identical & the cells produced by __________ are not genetically identical

A

Mitosis, Meiosis

Biology (64 decks)

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