Sex Determination & Sex Chromosomes

Question 1

Sex determination

Answer 1

Underlying mechanism by which individual develops into a female or male

Question 2

_____________ may depend on the presence of sex chromosomes

Answer 2

Sex differences

Question 3

___________ determines gender in many species

Answer 3

Sex chromosome (X-Y system)

Question 4

In mammals a male carries ___________ chromosome & a female has ___________ chromosme

Answer 4

One X & one Y chromosome, female carries two X chromosomes

Question 5

Males are ____________ since they carrry one X & Y chromosome

Answer 5

Heterogametic sex

Question 6

Females are ___________ since they have 2 X chromosomes

Answer 6

Homogametic sex

Question 7

Autosomes

Answer 7

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

Question 8

The presence of ______________ is what determines if a gender is male or female

Answer 8

Y chromosome (male has Y chromosome & feamle dont)

Question 9

The _________ system is used in mammals

Answer 9

X-Y system

Question 10

The ________ system is used in insects

Answer 10

X-O system

Question 11

The _________ system is used for birds & fish

Answer 11

Z-W system (ZZ-male & ZW - female)

Question 12

The ___________ system is used in bees, wasps, & ants

Answer 12

Haplodiploid system

Question 13

Dosage Compensation

Answer 13

Refers to the phenomenon in which the level of expression of many genes on the sex chromosomes is similar in both sexes even though males & females have a different complement of sex chromosomes

Question 14

Dosage compensation is necessary in some species to ensure ____________ between the sexes

Answer 14

Gentic equality

Question 15

Dosage compensation occurs in female mammals by the _____________ of one X chromosome

Answer 15

Inactiviation

Question 16

X-chromsomes inactivation in mammals depends on the __________ & ___________

Answer 16

X-inactivation center & the Xist gene

Question 17

The _______ plays a main role on X-chromosome inactivation where it must be found on the x-chromosome for inactivation to occur

Answer 17

Xic

Question 18

The ______ forms proteins that coats the x-chromosomes & inactiviates it

Answer 18

Xist

Question 19

What are the 3 phases of X-chromosome inactivation?

Answer 19

1. Initation
2. Spreading
3. Maintence

Question 20

Sex-linked genes

Answer 20

Genes that are found on only one sex chromosome but not both

Question 21

X-linked genes

Answer 21

Found only on the X chromosome

Question 22

Y-linked genes

Answer 22

Found only on the Y chromsomes

Question 23

Pseudoautosomal genes

Answer 23

Found on both the X & Y chromosomes

Question 24

X- linked alleles

Answer 24

X-linked genes

Question 25

The __________ can be used to protect the probability of independent outcomes

Answer 25

Product rule

Question 26

Product Rule

Answer 26

The probability that two or more independent outcomes will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

Question 27

The ______________ can be used to predict the probability of an unordered combination of outcomes

Answer 27

Binomial Expanison equation

Question 28

The __________ test is used to test the validity of a genetic hypothesis

Answer 28

Chi square

Question 29

Binomial expanison equation

Answer 29

P= n!/ x!(n-x)! p^xq^n-x

Question 30

The ___________ is used to determine

Question 31

The ___________ is used to determine if a genetic hypothesis is consistent with the observed outcome of a genetic cross

Answer 31

Chi square test

Question 32

A ______ chi square value means a high probability that the observed deviation is due to random chance

Answer 32

Low