Analyzing the structure & function of genes

Question 1

DNA Cloning

Answer 1

Cloning a certain gene

Question 2

_____________ cut DNA molecules at specific sites

Answer 2

Restriction enzymes

Question 3

Restriction Enzymes(restriction nucleases)

Answer 3

Cut the DNA strand at a specific nucleotide sequence & prevent the transfer of DNA between strains of bacteria

Question 4

____________ seperates DNA fragments that are left after the restriction enzymes cut the DNA strand (can be separted by size)

Answer 4

Gel electrophoresis

Question 5

Once the ________ has been cut the fragments are loaded onto the gel on the negative charges side & when a voltage is applied to the gel the negative charged DNA strand moves towards the positive end of the gel & eventually the DNA fragments are spread out through the gel in groups based on sized (looks like a ladder)

Answer 5

DNA Strand

Question 6

To ________ the certain fragments of DNA its removed from the gel by a scapel

Answer 6

Isolate

Question 7

__________ begins with the production of recombinant DNA

Answer 7

DNA cloning

Question 8

Recombinant DNA

Answer 8

Is a DNA molecule that contains a combination of nucleotide sequences from other individual DNA molecules (The restriction enzymes cut the two individuals DNA molecules at a certain nucleotide sequences and the DNA ligase join the two different DNA molecules to together to form the recombinant DNA molecules)

Question 9

_____________ is the result of the two different DNA fragment joining together by DNA ligase gluing the fragments together

Answer 9

Recombinant DNA

Question 10

Plasmid

Answer 10

Carry the DNA fragments that are supposed to be cloned (They are circular double-stranded DNA cloning vectors)

Question 11

The _________ contains its own replication origin which allows it to replicate in bacterial cells where the certain recombinant fragments will be produced in large amounts

Answer 11

Plasmid

Question 12

The ________ can also be cut open to allow the insertion of other DNA fragments (They are cut open by a restriction enzyme at a single site)

Answer 12

Plasmid

Question 13

A fragment of the ___________ is attached / linked to the plasmids to be copied (Attached by the DNA ligase)

Answer 13

Recombinant DNA

Question 14

A recombinant DNA can be copied inside a __________

Answer 14

Bacteria Cell

Question 15

An entire genome can be represented in a ___________

Answer 15

DNA Library

Question 16

DNA Library

Answer 16

Collection of cloned DNA fragment in bacteria

Question 17

Genomic Library

Answer 17

A collecction of all the different genes that make the whole genome

Question 18

cDNA Library

Answer 18

Contains the DNA copied from the mRNA

Question 19

Complementary DNA (cDNA)

Answer 19

Is formed by the reverse transcriptase enzymes & the DNA polymerase where it is a complementary starnd to the mRNA

Question 20

cDNA is made from _________

Answer 20

mRNA

Question 21

__________ clones are made from fragment of the gene & also contains introns (noncoding DNA strands)

Answer 21

Genomic DNA

Question 22

____________ clones are made from mRNA so they contain extrons that are used to produce proteins

Answer 22

cDNA

Question 23

__________ provides a sensitive way to detect specific nucleotide sequences

Answer 23

Hybridization

Question 24

DNA denturation

Answer 24

Process where the hydrogen bonds are broken & the DNA strands are seperated from one around (Done by heating DNA strand)

Question 25

DNA renaturation (Hybridization)

Answer 25

Process where the the two seperate DNA strands join back together reforming their hydrogen bind base - pairs

Question 26

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be used for detecting any nucleotides sequences by using a probe that has complementary base-pairs to the wanted nucleotide sequences (for both DNA & RNA)

Answer 26

Hybridization

Question 27

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & ________ libraries are used to clone large gene & need bacteria to copy genes

Answer 27

Genomic & cDNA

Question 28

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 28

A better way of cloning genes & RNA & copied in test tubes

Question 29

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ uses DNA polymerase & specific DNA primers to make (amplifying ) DNA sequences in a test tubes

Answer 29

PCR

Question 30

For ______ to work it needs DNA hybridization to select certain nucleotide sequences & DNA ploymerase to copy that strand

Answer 30

PCR

Question 31

The ___________ need a primer to start & the PCR also directs the polymerase to the right nucleotide sequence

Answer 31

DNA polymerase

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs in cycles where to start each cylce the two strands of the double - stranded DNA template are seperated & the primer is hybridized & the DNA polymerase then replicate the strand

Answer 32

PCR

Question 33

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used for cloning short DNA fragments or RNA which it can result in obtaining either a genomic clone or a cDNA clone of mRNA & doesnt need a library for cloning

Answer 33

PCR

Question 34

The ________ dimers direct the cloning process of the certain DNA fragments in a test tube

Answer 34

PCR

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be used for diagnostic & forenstic application (can be used to detect infection, track epdiemics, forensic investigation, etc)

Answer 35

PCR

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be used to detect the presence of a viral genome in a sample of blood

Answer 36

PCR

Question 37

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ depends on the analysis of DNA chains terminated at every position

Answer 37

Dideoxy sequencing

Question 38

Dideoxy Sequencing (Sanger Sequencing)

Answer 38

Uses DNA polymerase along with dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate

Question 39

Dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate

Answer 39

Are special chain terminating nucleotide & it make partial copies of the DNA fragment to be sequenced & produced a collection of different DNA copies that are terminated at every position in the orginal DNA sequence

Question 40

The _________ method of sequencing DNA relies on chain terminating dideoxynucleotide triphosphate (ddNTPs)

Answer 40

Dideoxy

Question 41

Automated ___________ relied on a set of four ddNTPs each bearing a uniquely flourescent tag

Answer 41

Dideoxy