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Biology > Gene Transcription & RNA modification 2 > Flashcards

Gene Transcription & RNA modification 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA that is used to make a functional product either RNA molecules (rare) or proteins (common)

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2
Q

Transcription

A

Process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence

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3
Q

Structural genes

A

Encode the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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4
Q

When a _________ is transcribed the product it makes is mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

Structural genes

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5
Q

Translation

A

The sequence of nucleotides within mRNA determines the sequence of amino acid in a polypeptide to make proteins & those proteins determine our traits & phenotype

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6
Q

__________ states the usual flow of genetic material information is from DNA to mRNA to proteins

A

Central dogma

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7
Q

Gene expression

A

Overall process to turn a gene on to produce a functional product such as proteins

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8
Q

_________ genes goes through transcription & translation

A

Structural genes

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9
Q

__________ require base sequences that perform functional roles

A

Gene expression

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10
Q

What are the different sequences in DNA?

A
  1. Regulatory sequence
  2. Promoter
  3. Terminator
  4. Coding region
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11
Q

Regulatory sequence

A

Site for the binding of regulatory proteins, the role of regulatory proteins is to influence the rate of transcription

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12
Q

Promoter

A

Site for RNA polymerase signals the beginning of transcription

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13
Q

Terminator

A

Signals the end of transcription

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14
Q

What are the different sequences in mRNA?

A
  1. Ribosome bind site
  2. Start codon
  3. Codons
  4. Stop codon
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15
Q

Ribosome binding site

A

Site for ribosome binding, translation begins near this site

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16
Q

Start codon

A

Is ATG & it specifies the 1st amino acid in a polypeptide sequence

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17
Q

What is the 1st amino acid produced in bacteria?

A

Formylmethionine

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18
Q

What is the 1st amino acid produce in eukaryotes?

A

Methionine

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19
Q

Codons

A

3 - nucleotides sequences within the mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid

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20
Q

Stop codon

A

Specifies the end of polypeptide synthesis

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21
Q

What are the 3 different stop codons?

A

TAA, TAG, or TGA

22
Q

_________ mRNA may be polycistronic

A

Bacterial mRNA

23
Q

Polycistronic

A

It encodes two or more polypeptides

24
Q

What are the 3 stages of transcription?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
25
Q

Initiation

A

Starts when RNA polymerase binds to promoter

26
Q

Elongation

A

Synthesis of mRNA

27
Q

Termination

A

RNA polymerase stops transcription

28
Q

Describe the process in transcription

A
  1. In initiation the promoter functions as a recognition site for transcription factors, where those transcription factors allow RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter & DNA is unwinded by DNA helicase to form a bubble known as a open complex
  2. Elongation begins when RNA polymerase slides along the DNA in an open complex to synthesize mRNA
  3. Termination occurs when a terminator is reached that causes RNA polymerase & mRNA to fall off the DNA
29
Q

________ genes are 90% of the genes

A

Structural genes

30
Q

Nonstructural genes

A

Lead to un-translated RNA

31
Q

What is Non-structural genes role in translation

A
  1. Make rRNA

2. Make tRNA

32
Q

What is non-structural gene role in gene expression?

A
  1. Make miRNA
33
Q

What is non-structural genes role in mRNA processing?

A
  1. Make snoRNA

2. Make snRNA

34
Q

A ________ is a short sequence of DNA that is necessary to start transcription in bacteria

A

Promoter

35
Q

Transcriptional start site

A

Where the 1st base is used as a template for RNA transcription & is denoted as +1

36
Q

_______ is where RNA polymerase binds to & its before the copy region

A

Promoter

37
Q

What are the two sequences in the promoter region?

A
  1. -35 sequence

2. -10 sequence

38
Q

What is the -35 sequence?

A

5’- TTGACA-3’

39
Q

What is the -10 sequence?

A

The TATA box 5’-TATAAT-3’

40
Q

_______ promoter yields better transcription because RNA polymerase binds better

A

Stronger

41
Q

Bacterial transcription is started (initiated) when _________ binds to the promoter

A

RNA polymerase holoenzyme

42
Q

In bacteria a core has _________

A

5 Subunits

43
Q

When the sixth unit __________ associated with the core enzyme it creates a RNA polymerase holoenzyme

A

Sigma Factor

44
Q

What are the two subunits in RNA polymerase holoenzyme?

A
  1. Core enzyme with 5 proteins

2. Sigma Factor

45
Q

When the _____ & ______ join together it makes a complete holoenzyme

A

Sigma factor & core enzyme

46
Q

Once the _________ is assembled it binds loosely to the DNA & slides along the DNA looking for the promoter

A

Holoenzyme

47
Q

When the holoenzyme finds the promoter the _______ recognizes both the -35 & -10 sequences & binds tightly to them

A

Sigma Factor

48
Q

The process of bacterial transcription is initiated when _______ in holoenzyme binds to the promoter forming a closed complex (where DNA strand is still doubled stranded)

A

Sigma Factor

49
Q

For bacterial transcription to begin the DNA strand must unwind to form an open complex where it unwinds at the ___________ because its easier to break A-T bonds since it only has 2 hydrogen bonds

A

TATA box sequence

50
Q

After the breaking of A-T rich region a short mRNA strand is made in the open complex then the _______ is released from the core enzyme where the release of the _____ starts the transition to elongation stage of transcription

A

Sigma Factor

51
Q

________ made when the sigma factor is release & initiation stage ends

A

Nascent RNA

Biology (64 decks)

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