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Biology > Reproduction & chromosome transmission > Flashcards

Reproduction & chromosome transmission Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Reproduction

A

Process where new cells or new organisms are produced

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structure within living cells that contain the genetic material (Genes are located within the chromsomes because DNA is in the chromosomes)

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

Is the DNA strain that is wrapped within a chromosome

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4
Q

Prokaryetes

A

SIngle celled organism that dont have a nucleus

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5
Q

Prokaryetes chromsomes are not contained in the nucleus instead are contained in the __________

A

Nucleiod

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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Contain membrane bound organelle & a nucleus

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7
Q

Cytogenetics

A

A field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

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8
Q

Human have ______ chromsomes

A

23 (total of 46)

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9
Q

Karyotype

A

AN organized representation of the chromosome within a cell

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cells are ________

A

Diploid- each type of chromsome is a # of a pair

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11
Q

A diploid cell has ________ of chromosome

A

2 sets ( like in a human has 46 chromosome 2 sets of 23 chromosomes)

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12
Q

Homologs

A

Are the pair of chromosome within a diploid cell (The two sets of chromosomes are identical so whatever is found in one pair is in the other pair)

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13
Q

Alleles

A

Are two chromosomes in a pair that carry different verisons of a given gene

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14
Q

_____ chromosomes X & Y are not homologous chromosomes

A

Sex Chromosomes

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15
Q

__________ reproduction is how unicellular organism reproduce

A

Asexual

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16
Q

Bateria reproduce (divide) asexually by ___________

A

Binary Fusion

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17
Q

Eukaryotic cells divide by a process called __________

A

Cell cyle

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18
Q

What are the phases in the cell cyle?

A
  1. G phase (Gap phase, G1 & G2)
  2. S phase (Synthesis phase)
  3. M phase (Mitosis phase)
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19
Q

Cells in the _______ phase are either temporarily not moving through the cell cycle or will never divide again

A

G0

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20
Q

The G0 phase is the __________

A

Non-dividng phase

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21
Q

During the _____ a cell is prepared to divide where it will come to a restriction point & if it passes through will move on to the other stages

A

G1

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22
Q

After the cell past the restriction of the G1 it goes on to the _______ where the chromosome is replicated (DNA Transcription & translation)

A

S phase

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23
Q

After the S phase the two copies (chromatids) are joined to each other at the centromere to form _____________

A

Sister chromatids (Dynad)

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24
Q

A single chromatid in a dynad is called a ________

A

Monad

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25
Q

After the _____ phase a cell has twice as many chromosomes than it orginally had

A

S phase

26
Q

Kinetochore

A

A group of proteins that are bound to the centremere

27
Q

The ___________ hold the sister chromatids together & also help sort chromosomes

A

Kinetochore

28
Q

During the _____ phase the cell accumulates the materials that are necessary for nuclear & cell division

A

G2

29
Q

After the G2 phase the cells goes to the _____ phase where yhr replicated cells are distributed to the daughter cell

A

M phase

30
Q

The two daugther cells are formed by a process called ____________

A

Cytokinesis

31
Q

The ______________ organizes & sorts eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Mitotic spindle

32
Q

Mitosis

A

THe transmission of chromosomes during divison of eukaryotic cells

33
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase (the chromosome replicated)
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
34
Q

In plant cells the two daugther cells are seperated by a process called ________

A

Cell plate

35
Q

__________ & ___________ produces two daughter cells having the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell

A

Mitosis & Cytokinesis

36
Q

Meisois

A

Haploid cells (which only contain one set of chromosomes) are produced from cell that was originally diploid

37
Q

_________ produces cells that are haploid

A

Meiosis

38
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A
  1. Leptotene
  2. Zygotene
  3. Pachtene
  4. Diplotene
  5. Diakinesis
39
Q

During the ________ stage the replicated chromosomes begin to condense & become visble with a light microscope

A

Leptotene

40
Q

The Zygotene stage involves a process called __________

A

Synapsis

41
Q

Synapsis

A

The homologus chromosomes recongnize each other & begin to align themselves along their entire lengths

42
Q

At the ___________ stage the homologs have become completely aligned where the chromatids are known as bivalents

A

Pachytene

43
Q

Each _________ contains two pairs of sister chromatids or a total of 4 chromatids

A

Bivalent

44
Q

A bivalent is also called a _______ because it is composed of four chromatids

A

Tetrad

45
Q

Before the pachytene stage & after synopsis is complete an event called _____________ occurs

A

Crossing over

46
Q

Crossing over

A

Involves a physical exchange of chromosome pieces that results in an exchange of genetic information

47
Q

In the ___________ stage the synaptonemal complex completely disappears

A

Diakinesis

48
Q

After prophase os meisosis 1 ___________ occurs where the spindle appartus is completely formed & the chromatids are attached by kinetochore microtubules

A

Prometphase

49
Q

In the __________ of meiosis 1 the bivalents are organized along the metaphase plate where they are randomly aligned in the middle but in 2 rows

A

Metaphase

50
Q

During the _________ of meiosis 1 the two pairs of sister chromatids within a bivalents seperate from each other

A

Anaphase

51
Q

What happens in the anaphase of meiosis 1

A

The two dyads(chromosomes) within the tetrad seperate from each other & migrate to opposite sides

52
Q

At the _________ phase of meiosis 1 the sister chromatidshave reached their respective poles & decondensation occur

A

Telophase

53
Q

During __________ the cells that begins __________ begin with 3 dynads (in mitosis it begins with 2 dynads)

A

Meiosis 2

54
Q

The daughter cells produced in ________ are genetically identica but not in ________

A

Mitosis, Meiosis

55
Q

During ____________ gametes are made that contain half the amount of an organism’s gentic material

A

Sexual reproduction

56
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Process that produces gametes

57
Q

Gametes are usually ________

A

Haptoids

58
Q

Haploids gametes contains ___________ set of chromsomes

A

A single set

59
Q

Diploid contains ________ of chromosomes

A

2 Sets

60
Q

Most eukaryotic species are _____________

A

Heterogamous- they produce two morphologically different types of gametes (Males gametes (sperms) & Female gametes (egg cells)

61
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The production of sperm that occur in the testes

62
Q

Oogensis

A

Biology (64 decks)

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