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Reproduction & chromosome transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Reproduction

A

Process where new cells or new organisms are produced

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structure within living cells that contain the genetic material (Genes are located within the chromsomes because DNA is in the chromosomes)

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

Is the DNA strain that is wrapped within a chromosome

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4
Q

Prokaryetes

A

SIngle celled organism that dont have a nucleus

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5
Q

Prokaryetes chromsomes are not contained in the nucleus instead are contained in the __________

A

Nucleiod

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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Contain membrane bound organelle & a nucleus

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7
Q

Cytogenetics

A

A field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

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8
Q

Human have ______ chromsomes

A

23 (total of 46)

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9
Q

Karyotype

A

AN organized representation of the chromosome within a cell

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cells are ________

A

Diploid- each type of chromsome is a # of a pair

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11
Q

A diploid cell has ________ of chromosome

A

2 sets ( like in a human has 46 chromosome 2 sets of 23 chromosomes)

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12
Q

Homologs

A

Are the pair of chromosome within a diploid cell (The two sets of chromosomes are identical so whatever is found in one pair is in the other pair)

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13
Q

Alleles

A

Are two chromosomes in a pair that carry different verisons of a given gene

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14
Q

_____ chromosomes X & Y are not homologous chromosomes

A

Sex Chromosomes

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15
Q

__________ reproduction is how unicellular organism reproduce

A

Asexual

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16
Q

Bateria reproduce (divide) asexually by ___________

A

Binary Fusion

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17
Q

Eukaryotic cells divide by a process called __________

A

Cell cyle

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18
Q

What are the phases in the cell cyle?

A
  1. G phase (Gap phase, G1 & G2)
  2. S phase (Synthesis phase)
  3. M phase (Mitosis phase)
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19
Q

Cells in the _______ phase are either temporarily not moving through the cell cycle or will never divide again

A

G0

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20
Q

The G0 phase is the __________

A

Non-dividng phase

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21
Q

During the _____ a cell is prepared to divide where it will come to a restriction point & if it passes through will move on to the other stages

A

G1

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22
Q

After the cell past the restriction of the G1 it goes on to the _______ where the chromosome is replicated (DNA Transcription & translation)

A

S phase

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23
Q

After the S phase the two copies (chromatids) are joined to each other at the centromere to form _____________

A

Sister chromatids (Dynad)

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24
Q

A single chromatid in a dynad is called a ________

A

Monad

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25
After the _____ phase a cell has twice as many chromosomes than it orginally had
S phase
26
Kinetochore
A group of proteins that are bound to the centremere
27
The ___________ hold the sister chromatids together & also help sort chromosomes
Kinetochore
28
During the _____ phase the cell accumulates the materials that are necessary for nuclear & cell division
G2
29
After the G2 phase the cells goes to the _____ phase where yhr replicated cells are distributed to the daughter cell
M phase
30
The two daugther cells are formed by a process called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cytokinesis
31
The ______________ organizes & sorts eukaryotic chromosomes
Mitotic spindle
32
Mitosis
THe transmission of chromosomes during divison of eukaryotic cells
33
What are the phases of Mitosis
1. Prophase (the chromosome replicated) 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase
34
In plant cells the two daugther cells are seperated by a process called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cell plate
35
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & ___________ produces two daughter cells having the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell
Mitosis & Cytokinesis
36
Meisois
Haploid cells (which only contain one set of chromosomes) are produced from cell that was originally diploid
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ produces cells that are haploid
Meiosis
38
What are the phases of meiosis?
1. Leptotene 2. Zygotene 3. Pachtene 4. Diplotene 5. Diakinesis
39
During the ________ stage the replicated chromosomes begin to condense & become visble with a light microscope
Leptotene
40
The Zygotene stage involves a process called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Synapsis
41
Synapsis
The homologus chromosomes recongnize each other & begin to align themselves along their entire lengths
42
At the ___________ stage the homologs have become completely aligned where the chromatids are known as bivalents
Pachytene
43
Each _________ contains two pairs of sister chromatids or a total of 4 chromatids
Bivalent
44
A bivalent is also called a _______ because it is composed of four chromatids
Tetrad
45
Before the pachytene stage & after synopsis is complete an event called _____________ occurs
Crossing over
46
Crossing over
Involves a physical exchange of chromosome pieces that results in an exchange of genetic information
47
In the ___________ stage the synaptonemal complex completely disappears
Diakinesis
48
After prophase os meisosis 1 ___________ occurs where the spindle appartus is completely formed & the chromatids are attached by kinetochore microtubules
Prometphase
49
In the __________ of meiosis 1 the bivalents are organized along the metaphase plate where they are randomly aligned in the middle but in 2 rows
Metaphase
50
During the _________ of meiosis 1 the two pairs of sister chromatids within a bivalents seperate from each other
Anaphase
51
What happens in the anaphase of meiosis 1
The two dyads(chromosomes) within the tetrad seperate from each other & migrate to opposite sides
52
At the _________ phase of meiosis 1 the sister chromatidshave reached their respective poles & decondensation occur
Telophase
53
During __________ the cells that begins __________ begin with 3 dynads (in mitosis it begins with 2 dynads)
Meiosis 2
54
The daughter cells produced in ________ are genetically identica but not in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mitosis, Meiosis
55
During ____________ gametes are made that contain half the amount of an organism's gentic material
Sexual reproduction
56
Gametogenesis
Process that produces gametes
57
Gametes are usually \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Haptoids
58
Haploids gametes contains ___________ set of chromsomes
A single set
59
Diploid contains ________ of chromosomes
2 Sets
60
Most eukaryotic species are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Heterogamous- they produce two morphologically different types of gametes (Males gametes (sperms) & Female gametes (egg cells)
61
Spermatogenesis
The production of sperm that occur in the testes
62
Oogensis

Biology (64 decks)

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