Extranuclear inheritance, imprinting, & maternal effect

Question 1

Genes that follow the mendelian pattern follow what four rules?

Answer 1

1. The genes obey mendel’s law of segregation
2. Except in the case of rare mutation the genes are passed unattered from generation to generation
3. The expression of the genes in the offspring directly influence
4. For crosses involving two or more genes & th genes obey mendel’s law of independent assortment

Question 2

Nuclear genes

Answer 2

Genes located in the nucleus

Question 3

Extranuclear inheritance (Cytoplasmic inheritance)

Answer 3

Type of non-mendelian inheritance pattern that involves genes that are not located in the cell nucleus & where the inheritance of organellar genetic material (from the chloroplast & mitochondria)

Question 4

Chloroplast contains ___________ chromosomes with many genes

Answer 4

Circular chromosomes

Question 5

Nucleoid

Answer 5

Where the genetic material of the chloroplast is loacted at

Question 6

Extranuclear inheritance produces _______________ results in reciprocal crosses

Answer 6

Non-mendelian

Question 7

Inheritance of ______________ genetic material doesn’t display mendelian pattern because chloroplast & mitchondria are not sorted during meiosis (& don’t segregate into gamtes as nuclear chromosomes do)

Answer 7

Extranuclear

Question 8

Reciprocal Cross

Answer 8

The phenotype of the maternal (mom) & paternal (dad) parents are reversed

Question 9

Maternal inheritance

Answer 9

The maternal phenotype determines the offspring phenotype

Question 10

chloroplast usually inherits traits from the __________ parent

Answer 10

Maternal parent (because the egg provides the genetic material)

Question 11

To predict the phenotype of extranuclear offsprings can’t use a punett square instead have to look for what two things?

Answer 11

1. Need to know if the offspring inherits the gene from the mom, dad or both
2. Need to know if heteroplasmy (carries both normal & mutant genes) is present & who transmit the extranuclear gene
   (ex. If a gene is inherited from the mother & the mother has white leaves than can predict that the offspring will have white leaves)

Question 12

The primary role of the mitochondria is to provide cell with _______

Answer 12

ATP

Question 13

The transmission of the mitochondria usually follows the _______________

Answer 13

Maternal inheritance (the female determines the offsprings phenotype)

Question 14

Many human diseases are caused by ________________

Answer 14

Mitochondrial mutations

Question 15

Disease can occur in what two ways?

Answer 15

1. Mitochondrial mutations that cause disease may be transmitted from mother to offspring
2. Mitochondrial mutation may occur in somatic cells & accumulate as a person ages

Question 16

Endosymbosis

Answer 16

A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont actually lives inside the host

Question 17

Endosymbiosis theory

Answer 17

Indicates that the acient origins of chloroplast was initated when a cyanobacterium took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell

Question 18

Epigenetic inheritance

Answer 18

A pattern in which a modification occurs to a nuclear gene or chromosome that atters gene expression

Question 19

_______________ results of DNA & chromosomal modification that occur during oogenesis, spermatogensis, or early stages of embroyogensis

Answer 19

Epigentic inheritance

Question 20

Genomic impriting (impriting)

Answer 20

A type of epigenetic inheritance wherre a modification occurs to a nuclear gene that atters gene expression

Question 21

The _____________ of an imprinted gene depends on the sex of the parent from which the gene was inherited

Answer 21

Expression

Question 22

_______________ is a segment of DNA that is marked & that mark is retained & recognized throughout the life of the organism inheriting the marked DNA (depends if htey get the mark from mom or dad)

Answer 22

Genomic imprinting

Question 23

To predict the phenotype of offsrping from a imprinted gene can’t use a punett square instead need to know what?

Answer 23

1. Need to know if the offspring expresses the allele that is inherited from the mother or the father
2. Need to know which allele was inherited from the mother & which allele was inherited from the father

Question 24

The imprint is established during ______________

Answer 24

Gametogenesis

Question 25

At the cellular level imprinting occurs in what 3 stages?

Answer 25

1. Established of the imprinting during gametogensis
2. Maintenace of the imprinting during embryogensis & in adult somatic cells
3. Erasure & reestablishment of imprint in the germ cell

Question 26

The imprinting of genes & chromosomes is a molecular marking process that involves _______________

Answer 26

DNA methylation

Question 27

DNA methylation

Answer 27

The attachment of a methyl group onto a cytosine base in DNA

Question 28

Genomic imprinting involves an _________________ which contains binding sites for one or more proteins that regulate the transmission of the imprinted gene

Answer 28

Imprinting central region (ICR)

Question 29

Maternal effect

Answer 29

An inheritance pattern for certain muclear genes in which the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of her offspring