Cell Signaling Flashcards

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1
Q

An ____________ signal is converted into an ____________ signal

A

Extracellular, Intracellular

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2
Q

Receptors

A

Is where the signal molecules (ligand) binds to

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3
Q

___________ requries intracellular signaling molecules where the signal is brought into the cell

A

Signal Transduction

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4
Q

Cascade

A

The amplifying of the signal by activating mulitple intracelluar molecules in each round

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5
Q

__________ within an intracellular signaling pathway can adjust the response to an extracellular signal

A

Feedback regulation

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6
Q

What are the different types of signaling?

A
  1. Endocrine Signaling
  2. Paracrine & Autocrine Signaling
  3. Synaptic Signaling
  4. Contact - dependent signaling
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7
Q

Hormones

A

Travel through the bloodstream to cells at a distance

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8
Q

Paracrine

A

Cells signal to neighboring cells (short distance)

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9
Q

Autocrine

A

Cells signal to themselves

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10
Q

___________ can mediate long - response signals

A

Localized neurotransmitters

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11
Q

___________ signaling molecules can cross membranes

A

Hydrophobic

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12
Q

Steriod Hormones

A

Are derivatives of chlestrol (hydrophobic)

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13
Q

____________ get activated by changing shape & directly affect target gene transcription

A

Nuclear receptors

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14
Q

What are the different types of cell - surface receptors?

A
  1. Ion-channel - coupled receptors
  2. Enzyme - Coupled receptors
  3. G-proteins - coupled receptors (GPCRs)
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15
Q

___________ molecules indcues a conformational change in the receptor which allows select ions to cross the membrane

A

Signal

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16
Q

The ___________ domain of the receptors has enzyme activity or binds to an enzyme

A

Cytoplasmic

17
Q

The receptor is linked to the activation / inhabition of a downstream protein by a ______________

A

GTP -binding protein (G-protein)

18
Q

G- proteins often activate enzymes that produces ____________

A

Second messengers

19
Q

Second messengers

A

Are small diffusible intracellular molecules

20
Q

What are the two examples of G-proteins -coupled enzymes?

A
  1. Adenylyl Cyclase
  2. Phospholipase
21
Q

_________ is produced from ATP

A

cAMP

22
Q

___________ reaction removes 2 phosphate groups & joins remaining phosphate with sugar of AMP

A

Cyclization

23
Q

_____________ phoshodiesterase converts to AMP

A

Cyclic AMP

24
Q

G-Proteins can activate ____________

A

Phospholipase C

25
Q

Inositol phopholipid is hydrolyzed into what two messengers?

A
  1. Dracylgycerol (DAG)
  2. Insitol triphosphate (IP3)
26
Q

What is the process of cell signaling?

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
27
Q

Reception

A

When a signal molecule binds to a receptor

28
Q

Transduction

A

When the receptor is activated from the binding of the signal molecule

29
Q

Response

A

Sometype of response in the cell cell will occur when the recpetor is activated

30
Q

Endocrine signals

A

Signaling that occurs over a long distance using hormones

31
Q

G-Protein is composed of what?

A

Alpha, Beta, & Gamma

32
Q

When the G-protien is inactivate it binds to what?

A

GDP

33
Q

When the G -protein is activated by the ligand signal molecule binding to the GPCRs it binds to what?

A

GTP