Pancreasul Flashcards

1
Q

Embriologia pancreasului

A

in sapt 30 se dezv muguri pancreatici ventral(proc ucinat) si dorsali(corp, coada, cap) din endodermul duodenal

pana in sapt a-6a cei doi muguri sunt alipiti, iar in sapt a 8-a parenchimul si ductel lor fuzioneaza (Wirsung se formeaza din fuziunea ductelor pancreatice ventrale si dorsale distale)

portiunea distala a ductului pancreatic dorsal poate persista->ductul Santorini

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2
Q

pancreasul divisum

A

la 10% din pop ductul ventral si dorsal nu fuzioneaza complet-> duct dorsal dominant persistent care dreneaza prin Santorini
90% asimptomatici

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3
Q

tratamentul pancreasului inelar

A

Apare prin rotirea incompleta a mugurelui ventral-> t inelar in jurul duodenului
e o cauza rara de obstr intestinala la copii si sugari->se sunteaza chirurgical locul de obstr (duodeno-jejunostomie), evitand sectionarea t pancreatic- rata mare de fistule

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4
Q

Vascularizatia arteriala a pancreasului

A

Trunchiul celiac-proenteronul-capul pancreatic+duodenul
->arcadele duodenopancreatice sup, ant si post

ram pancreatice a a splenice si AGD(->a pancreatica dorsala)-corpul si coada
nea in a gastrica stg

!La 20% din pop nu exista a hepatica dr (vine din AMS-a hepatica dr din AMS). sau poate fi vascu si din a hepatica dr si AMS (a hepatica accesorie/recurenta)
La 20% din pop a hepatica stg are originea in a gastrica stg

AMS da prima ramura-a duodenopancreatica post-> ram ant si post

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5
Q

Ce ramuri da a hepatica comuna?

A

-a gastroduodenala
-a supraduodenala
- a gastrica dr
-a hepatica proprie->
*a cistica
*a hepatica dr
*a hepatica medie
*a hepatica stg

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6
Q

Drenajul venos al pancreasului

A

drenajul venos al corpului si cozii pancreatice se face prin interm ram tributare venei splenice si venelor pancreatice inferioare

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7
Q

Ce factori hormonali si neurali stimuleaza secretia de enzime digestive pancreatice?

A

CCK, secretina, VIP, acetilcolina

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8
Q

Care sunt hormoni peptidici secretati de pancreas?

A

insulina, glucagon, somatostatina, VIP, polipeptidul pancreatic, galanina, serotonina, pancreastatina, cromogranina A

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9
Q

Clasificarea Atlanta-definirea gradelor de severitate a pancreatitei acute

A

Pancreatita ac usoara-fara coplicatii sist si locale

Pancreatita ac moderata-complicatii locale moderate care se remit (colectii fluide care produc febra, durere, imposib de alim)
insufi de organ tranzitorie sub 48h

Pancreatita ac severa-complicatii locale severe (necroza, necroza infectata, pseudochist)
insufi persi de organ persistenta

COMPLICATII LOCALE PERIPANCREATICE

Colectii fluide ac-colectii sterile in jurul sau in pancreas, apar precoce, lipsa unui perete de granulatie a t fibros, deobicei remit spontan, daca persi->pseudochist/abcese

Necroza pancreatica-arii difuze sau focale de paren pancre neviabil+ necroza grasimii peripancreatice (pancreas necaptant)

pseudochistul acut-colectie de suc pancreatic inconjurat de un t fibros de granulatie (pancre ac/cr/traumatism) la cel putin 4 sapt de la deb simpt

abces pancreatic-colectie abdo circumscrisa, cu necroza min sau abs, (pancre ac/traumatism) la cel putin 4 sapt sau mai multe de la debut

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10
Q

Factori etiologici ai pancreatitei acute

A

Metabolici-alcool, hiperlipidemia, hipertrigliceridemia, hiperCa (hiperparatiroidism), uremia, sarcina, veninul de scorpion

Mecanici-litiaza biliara, pancreas divisum, obstr ductala (ascarizi, tumori), ERCP, hemoragia ductala, obstr duodenala, obstr ductala prin fibroza dat ep ant de pancreatita, disfct sfincterului Oddi

Postoperatorii sau traumatici- 0,8-17% proceduri gastrice 0,7-9,3% proceduri biliare, leziuni pancreatice directe sau traumatisme, afectarea fluxului vascular pancreatic, obstr ductului pancreatic la niv duodenal, bypass cardiopulmonar

Vasculari-periarterita nodoasa, lupus eritematos, ateroembolism

Infectiosi-oreion, Coksakie B, CMV, Criptococ, Enterovirus, hepatita A, B, C, v Epstein-Barr, v Herpes, Echovirus, infe cu ascaris

Ereditari si genetici-forme ereditare, AD, FC, pancreas divisum, pancreatita familiala, pancreatita tropicala

Autoimuni-pancr autoimuna

Medicamentosi

Idiopatici-8-10%

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11
Q

De cate ori trebuie sa creasca enzimele pancreatice?

A

lipaza de 5 ori si amilaza de 1,5 ori pt a avea 95% sensibilitate diag

sau amilaza de 3 ori sensib specif 95% , 61%sensibilitate

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12
Q

diag dif al pancreatitei acute

A

colecistita acuta
ulcer peptic perforat
ischemie ac mezenterica
infarct miocardic
perforatie esofagiana

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13
Q

Lista afectiunilor in care apare hiperamilazemia

A

-ulcer perforat
-tu chistice ovariene
ischemia intestinala
obstr intestin subtire
insufi renala
infe gld salivare
sarcina ectopica
cancer pulmonar
cancer de prostata
cetoacidoza diabetica
macroamilazemia

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14
Q

Criteriile Ranson-factorii prognostici pt complicatii maj sau deces

A

LA INTERNARE
Non-biliara
-> 55 ani
-leuco >16
-glicem>200 mg/100ml
-LDH>350
-SGOT(AST)>250

Biliara
->70 ani
-leuco>18
-glicem>220
-LDH>400
SGOT>250

IN PRIMELE 48H
Non-biliara
->10% scadere Hct
-crestere BUN >5mg/dL
-Ca<8 mg/dL
-PaO2 arterial<60mmHg
-defi baze>4
-sechestre de fluide>6L

Biliara
->10% scadere Hct
-crestere BUN >2mg/dl
-Ca<8mg/dl
-
-defi baze>5
-sechestrare de fluide>4L

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15
Q

Stadializarea CT Balthazar in pancreatita acuta

A

A-pancreas normal
B-cresterea in dimensiuni a pancre
C-infla a pancre si/sau a grasimii peripancreatice
D-colectie fluida peripancreatica unica
E-doua sau mai multe colectii fluide si/sau aer retroperitoneal

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16
Q

indicatiile de necrectomie neinfectata

A

durere persistenta, obstr biliara sau enterala sau semne evolutive de SIRS

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17
Q

Complicatiile sistemice asociate pancreatitei severe

A

-Soc-TAS<90 mmHg
-Insufi pulmo PaO2/FiO2<300
-Insufi renala creatinina>=177 micromoli/L0 sau > 2mg/dl dupa rehidratare
-Hemoragie digest 500 ml/24h
-CID trombocite<100.000, fibrinogen <1g/l si prod de degrd ai fibrinei >80micrograme/L
-tulb metabolice severe-Ca<=1,87 mmol/L sau <=7,5mg/dl

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18
Q

La cat timp de la debutul pancreatitei apare pseudochistul?

A

la 3-4 sapt

19
Q

Care este cea mai buna metoda imagistica de evaluare a pseudochistelor?

A

CT

20
Q

La ce pacienti folosim procedurile de drenaj?

A

La cei cu duct pancreatic dilatat>4 mm-> decompresie ductala interna-pancreaticojejunostomie laterala (procedura Puestow)

21
Q

procedura Breger sau Frey

A

reprezinta duodenopancreatectomia cefalica si pancreatectomia distala sau rezectia capului pancreatic cu prezervarea duodenului-se folosesc la cei cu pancreatita cr cu ducte nedilatate sau fara afectare focala

22
Q

Tumorile pancreatice cu exceptia tumorilor endocrine

A

MALIGNE
-adenocarcinom
-chistadenocarcinom mucinos
-carcinomul mucinos non chistic
-limfom
-tumori metastatice

PREMALIGNE
-adenom mucinos
-neoplasm mucinos chistic
-IPMN
-neoplasm solid pseudopapilar (tu Hamoudi)

BENIGNE
-chistadenomul seros (adenom microchistic)
-pseudochist
-chist simplu

23
Q

Mutatii genetice asociate cancerului pancreatic

A

Oncogene-K-ras
Gene supresoare tumorale
-p53
-p16
-SMD4/DPC
-DCC
-APC
-reparare erori ADN
-gene RB

Factori de cresteri
-receptori EGF
-receptori HER2, HER3 si HER4

24
Q

Cum definim o tumora pancreabila rezecabila

A

abs diseminarii la distanta, a ascitei, a invaziei VMS, VP, AMS, a hepatice, a cavei si aortei

25
Q

Riscuri ale proceduri Whipple?

A

-fistule la nivelul anastomozelor-cea mai frecv la niv pancreatojejunostomiei->abces, sepsis, fistula pancreatica
-diabet
-evacuare gastrica intarziata

26
Q

Factori de prognostic negativ si supravietuirea la 5 ani in cancerul de pancreas

A

-metastaze la distanta, tu>3cm, invazie perineurala

supravietuirea la 5 ani-20%

27
Q

Ce chimioterapice se folosesc in terapia adjuvanta a cancerului pancreatic?

A

-gemcitabina
-5-florouracil
-leucovorina

28
Q

Ce peptide pot secreta tumorile pancreatice neuroendocirne nefunctionale?

A

PP, cromogranina A, neurotenisina, grelina

29
Q

Tumorile pancreatice neuroendocrine

A

BENIGNE (majoritatea)
insulinoame 20-30%

MALIGNE (majoritatea)
gastrinoame
glucagonoame
somatostatinoame
VIPoamne
PPoame
cel insulare nefunctionale

30
Q

Cu ce sindrom se asociaza insulinoamele?

A

cu MEN 1

31
Q

Triada Whipple

A

-simpt de hipoglicemie
-scaderea niv de glucoza din sgn 40-50 mg/dL
-disparitia simpt dupa admin de glucoza iv

32
Q

Cele 6 criterii de diagnostic al insulinomului

A

1) documentarea unei glicemii <45 mg/dL
2)o val a insulinei serice >35 microU/L
3) niv serice/plasmatice de peptid C >200 pmol/l
4)proinsulina serica >=5 pmol/l
5) niv seric de beta-hidroxibutirat<=2,7mmol/l 6)in abs sulfonilureei in plasma sau in urina

33
Q

Ce putem folosi pentru pacientii cu insulinom boala metastatica sau nerezecabila

A

streptozocina sau diazoxidul

34
Q

Afectiuni care determina hipergastrinemie

A

-infe cu H pylori
-gastrita atrofica
-anemia pernicioasa
-IPP
-hiperplazia cu cel G
-sdr postgastrectomie
-sdr intestinului scurt
-obstr gastrica distala
-sdr postvagotomie
-
insufi renala

35
Q

Ce eruptie cutanata este caracteristica pentru glucagonom

A

eritemul migrator necrolitic

36
Q

Care sunt valorile diag pt glucagon in glucagonom si cum se manifesta

A

500-1000 pg/dl

trombofeblita, tromboza venoasa profunda, scadere in greutate, anemie, casexie, tulb pshice, eritem migrator necrolitic

37
Q

Ce putem folosi in boala metastatica atat din cancerul pancreatic nehormonal si din glucagonom

A

octerotid

38
Q

Sindromul Verner-Morison

A

SDA-sdr diareei apoase, holera pancreatica, holera endocrina

diaree+hipokalemie+hipoclorhidrie din VIPom

39
Q

Unde pot aparea somatostatinomul?

A

pancreas, duoden, canal cistic, rect, ampula, jejun

40
Q

Manifestarile somatostatinomului

A

diabet
colici biliare
diaree cu steatoree care det hipoclorhidrie

durere, pierdere in greutate, modif tranzit

41
Q

Terapia de salvare in cazul insulinoamelor maligne

A

streptozocina
5-florouracil
doxorubicina
!eficacitate slaba si toxicitate semnificativa

42
Q

Clasificarea tumorilor neuroendocrine ale pancreasului

A

1)Tumori neuroendocrine bine diferentiate
-Benigne:limitate la pancreas,<2cm, non-angioinvazive,<=2 mitoze/HPF si <= 2% cel poz pt Ki-67
*insulinoame fct
*nefct
-Benigne sau cu grd scazut de malignitate:lim la pancreas,>=2 cm, >2 mitoze/HPF, si >2% Ki-67 poz sau angioinvazive
*fct:insulinoame, gastrinoame,VIPoamne, glucagonoame, somatostatinoame, sdr hormonal ectopic
*nefct

2)Carcinoame neuroendocrine bine diferentiate
-malignitate de grd scz:invazia org adiacenta si/sau metastaze
*fct:gastrinoame, insulinoame, VIPoame,glucagonoame, somatostatinoame sau sdr hormonal ectopic
*nefct

3)carcinoame neuroendocrine slab diferentiate
*malignitate de grd inalt

43
Q

Leziuni chistice pancreatice:diag dif pe baza aspirari continutului si biopsie ultrasonografie endoscopica

A

Chistadenomul seros-fara mitoze

chistadenocarcinomul seros-conti amilaze scazute, ACE si 19-9-mitoze+

Chistadenomul mucinos-ACE+19-9-fara mitoze, stroma ovariana+

Chistadenocarcinomul mucinos-ACE+19-9, mitoze+, stroma ovariana+

IPMN-ACE-displazie, fara stroma ovariana