other teratogens

Question 1

ACEi/ARB (used for kidneys of diabetic patient)

Answer 1

renal damage

Question 2

Aminoglycoside (gentamicin)

Answer 2

ototoxicity (CN 8)

Question 3

Fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin)

Answer 3

cartilage damage of fetus/kids

fluoroquinoLONES hurt the BONES (=cartilage)

Question 4

Tetracycline

Answer 4

discolored teeth of fetus/kids

Question 5

cyclophosphamide: alkylating agent (cancer drug), inflammatory dz (SLE, psoriasis, RA)

Answer 5

ear + facial
limb hypoplasia (thalidAMIDE + cyclophosphAMIDE)
no digits

Question 6

carbamazepine: seizure

Answer 6

neural tube defects (use folic acid before pregnancy)

Question 7

valproATE: inhibits maternal folATE absorption (seizure)

Answer 7

neural tube defects (use folic acid before pregnancy)

Question 8

phenytoin: inhibit maternal folate absorption (seizure)

Answer 8

fetal hydantoin syndrome
microcephaly
hypoplastic nails + distal phalanges
cardiac defect
IUGR

Question 9

lithium: bipolar

Answer 9

ebstein anomaly (atrialized RV, tricuspid valve leaflets displaced lower in RV toward apex, causes hypoplastic RV + large RA, tricuspid regurg or stenosis)

Question 10

iodine (deficiency or excess)

Answer 10

deficiency: hypothyroidism (cretinism)

congenital goiter

Question 11

maternal diabetes

Answer 11

congenital heart defects

Question 12

xray/CT scan

Answer 12

microcephaly, intellectual disability

Question 13

alcohol

Answer 13

FAS:
microcephaly, holoprosencephaly (brain structures don’t separate in midline, facial structures don’t separate in midline (one eye)
narrow eye opening, wide set eyes
smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, cleft lip/palate

Question 14

cocaine + smoking

non-teratogens but cause birth problems

Answer 14

low blood flow to baby → IUGR (low birth weight), preterm labor
fetal addiction (cocaine)