cancer risk factors Flashcards
cigarette smoke
bladder: transitional cell
esophagus: squamous + adenocarcinoma
kidney: renal cell
larynx: squamous cell
lung: small cell + squamous cell
oral cancer
pancreas
alcohol
oral cancer
larynx
esophagus: squamous cell
if have cirrhosis: ↑ risk HCC
aflatoxin: produced by aspergillus mold in corn, soybean, peanuts
HCC
pathogenesis of aflatoxin
mutation in p53
food contaminated
problem in developing countries
nitrosamines: smoked foods
gastric cancer
squamous cell esophageal cancer
colon cancer
arsenic:
pesiticides
living in arsenic rich area
ingest ground water than contains arsenic over several years
lung:
liver: angiosarcoma
skin: squamous cell carcinoma
vinyl chloride: refrigeration, adhesives
,liver: angiosarcoma
alkylating agent: class of cancer drugs (cyclophosphamides, nitrogen mustards)
leukemia/lymphoma
benzene: solvent, makes napthalene
leukemia
hodgkin lymphoma
2-naphthalene (moth balls, Tobacco smoke)
Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder (Tobacco)
asbestos
bronchogenic carcinoma of lung >>> malignant mesothelioma (pleura)
radon: gas in mines + basements
lung cancer (2nd most common cause after cig. smoke)
ionizing radiation (xrays, nuclear)
#1 myeloid leukemia (AML, CML) #1 thyroid cancer (papillary most common type of cancer)
UV radiation exposure
skin cancer: squamous cell, basal cell, melanoma
UV radiation types
UVC: shortest wavelength, filtered by ozone layer (don’t get to earth)
UVB = BAD: SKIN CANCER, causes pyrimidine dimers in DNA (2 thymines on same strand dimerize - can’t replicate strand)
UVA: generation of free radicals, slight skin cancer risk
hepatitis B
hepatitis C
cirrhosis → ↑ risk HCC
hep B doesn’t need cirrhosis for HCC risk
hep C: papillary thyroid carcinoma too
HTLV (human T-cell lymphotrophic virus)
T-cell lymphoma
HHV-8 (herpes)
kaposi sarcoma
EBV (herpes)
burkitt lymphoma: starry sky appearance, t(8;14)
hodgkin lymphoma: reed sternberg cells
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
HPV 16 + 18
cervical cancer vaginal cancer vulvar cancer anal cancer penile cancer throat cancer
h. pylori
h.pylori organism + chronic inflammation can cause:
gastric adenocarcinoma
streptococcus bovis
colon cancer (cause infective endocarditis in colon cancer patients)
schistosoma haematobium
bladder cancer: Squamous cell (Shistosoma)
hematuria + egypt/middle east
clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke)
biliary cancer: cholangiocarcinoma
acanthosis nigricans: velvety, hyperpigmented, epidermal thickening on neck + flexurals
visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus) and insulin resistance in type II DM
actinic keratosis: sandpaper, rough as age (due to sun exposure: hands, forearm, face)
precursor to squamous cell carcinoma of skin
tx of actinic keratosis: 5-FU
autoimmune + immunodeficiency diseases (HIV)
lymphoma: non-hodgkin
AIDS
kaposi sarcoma
lymphoma: non-hodgkin
tuberous sclerosis: variable expression (phenotype) facial angiofibromas seizures ID ash leaf spots: skin depigmentation
giant cell astrocytoma: 10%
renal angiomyolipoma: can become malignant
cardiac rhabdomyoma: 66%
ulcerative colitis (more than chron’s disease)
colon cancer
most common type of cancer in men (incidence = new cases/year)
prostate: 32%
lung: 16%
colon/rectum: 12%
*real most common: basal cell
most common type of cancer in women (incidence = new cases/year)
breast: 32%
lung: 13%
uterine:
colon/rectum
*real most common: basal cell
cancer mortality in men
switch #1 and #2 for incidence: lung PROSTATE colon pancreatic
cancer mortality in women
switch #1 and #2 for incidence: lung BREAST colon pancreatic
obesity
men + women: esophageal adenocarcinoma renal cell carcinoma women: endometrial cancer gallbladder cancer men: thyroid cancer colon cancer
