brainstem

Question 1

sympathetic NS cell bodies located in

Answer 1

spinal cord: thoracic + lumbar and synapse with sympathetic ganglia (outside spinal cord)

Question 2

parasympathetic NS cell bodies located in

Answer 2

rostral medulla - dorsal motor nucleus (CN 10)

Question 3

ptosis + anhidrosis (causes flushing) + miosis is called

Answer 3

Horner syndrome

related to sympathetic innervation of face

Question 4

Horner syndrome can be caused by

Answer 4

pancoast tumor - compresses sympathetic trunk from thoracic spine to face
stroke of lateral medulla (PICA)
late stage syringomyelia
Brown–Sequard syndrome -cord hemisection

Question 5

decussation of corticospinal tract

Answer 5

caudal medulla

Question 6

decussation of dorsal column-medial lemniscus

Answer 6

medulla

Question 7

decussation of spinothalamic tract

Answer 7

anterior white commissure of spinal cord

Question 8

artery that supplies the inferior cerebellar peduncle + nucleus ambiguus + lateral spinothalamic tract in LATERAL medulla

Answer 8

PICA - posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 9

artery that supplies the medullary pyramids and medial lemniscus in the MEDIAL medulla

Answer 9

ASA - anterior spinal artery

Question 10

artery that supplies the medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF) + corticospinal tract + medial lemniscus in MEDIAL pons

Answer 10

basilar artery + paramedian/median branches

Question 11

artery that supplies the lateral spinothalamic tract in the LATERAL pons

Answer 11

AICA - anterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 12

decussation of corticospinal tract

Answer 12

medulla

Question 13

decussation of spinothalamic tract

Answer 13

anterior white commissure of spinal cord (2-3 spinal levels above where it entered the spinal cord)

Question 14

lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) causes

Answer 14

ispilateral internuclear opthalmoplegia: deficit of eye tracking with lateral gaze

Question 15

causes of MLF lesion (internuclear opthalmoplegia)

Answer 15

multiple sclerosis (

Question 16

what causes:
ipsilateral medial rectus palsy with contralateral gaze (can’t adduct ipsilateral eye)
contralateral horizontal nystagmus with contralateral gaze

Answer 16

lesion of MLF: internuclear opthalmoplegia

Question 17

causes of “locked-in syndrome”

Answer 17

basilar artery stroke - both sides of superior pons affected

rapid correction of hyponetremia causes central pontine myelinolysis (loss of myelin - increased MRI signal)

Question 18

what syndrome is this:
preserved consciousness + blinking
quadriplegia
loss of voluntary facial, mouth, tongue movements

Answer 18

locked-in syndrome - basilar artery stroke (affects lower midbrain, pons, medulla - corticobulbar + corticospinal tracts)

Question 19

what causes:
ipsilateral internuclear opathalmoplegia (most common)
paralysis of gaze to side of lesion (look away from lesion)
contralateral spastic hemiparesis
contralateral loss of vibration, fine touch, proprioception

Answer 19

medial pontine syndrome (paramedian br. of basilar artery)
ipsilateral internuclear opathalmoplegia (most common): ipsilateral MLF
paralysis of gaze to side of lesion (look away from lesion): PPRF (next to MLF)
contralateral spastic hemiparesis: corticospinal tract
contralateral loss of vibration, fine touch, proprioception: medial lemniscus tract

Question 20

lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) causes

Answer 20

ispilateral internuclear opthalmoplegia:
deficit of eye tracking with lateral gaze
no crosstalk between CN 6 + CN 3

Question 21

causes of MLF lesion (internuclear opthalmoplegia)

Answer 21

multiple sclerosis (demyelination) (

Question 22

what causes:
ipsilateral medial rectus palsy with gaze away from lesion (can’t adduct ipsilateral eye)
contralateral horizontal nystagmus with gaze away from lesion (CN 6 overfiring to stimulate CN 3)
normal convergence

Answer 22

lesion of MLF: internuclear opthalmoplegia

Question 23

nucleus that provides:
sensory from pharynx, trachea, esophagus
taste sensation of very back of tongue
baroreceptor + chemoreceptor info from carotid sinus/carotid body
gut distention

Answer 23

nucleus solitarius (CN 10 nuclei) = Sensory

Question 24

nucleus that provides:
motor to larynx, pharynx, + upper esophagus
speech + swallow

Answer 24

nucleus aMbiguus (CN 10 nuclei) = Motor

Question 25

nucleus that provides:

parasympathetic innervation of upper GI, heart, lung

Answer 25

dorsal motor nucleus (CN 10 nuclei)