nervous system basics

Question 1

glial support cell that provides:
physical support to neurons
removes excess NT
repairs neurons
outside layer of BBB
forms scar tissue in CNS in response to neural injury (reactive gliosis)

Answer 1

astrocytes

Question 2

tumor marker for glioblastoma (astrocyte tumor)

Answer 2

↑GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein

Question 3

glial support cell that is a CNS phagocyte (cleans tissue damage)

Answer 3

microglia

Question 4

microglia response when infected with HIV

Answer 4

microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS

Question 5

glial cell that myelinates the axons of CNS neurons

Answer 5

oligodendrocytes

Question 6

glial cells that myelinates the axons of PNS neurons

Answer 6

Schwann cells

Question 7

predominant glial cell type in white matter

Answer 7

oligodendrocytes

Question 8

how many CNS axons can ONE oligodendrocyte myelinate?

Answer 8

30ish CNS axons

Question 9

glial cell with “fried egg” appearance

Answer 9

oligodendrocytes

Question 10

cell types with a “fried egg” appearance: large clear cytoplasm

Answer 10

oligodendrocytes
koilocyte in HPV
testicular seminoma cell

Question 11

glial cell injured in multiple sclerosis

Answer 11

oligodendrocyte

Question 12

glial cell injured in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Answer 12

oligodendrocyte

Question 13

glial cell injured in leukodystrophies

Answer 13

oligodendrocyte

Question 14

how many PNS axons can a schwann cell myelinate?

Answer 14

1 PNS axon

Question 15

how many oligodendrocytes per 1 CNS axon?

Answer 15

1 oligodendrocyte

Question 16

how many schwann cells per 1 PNS axon?

Answer 16

many schwann celll

Question 17

glial cell injured in guillain-barre syndrome

Answer 17

schwann cell

Question 18

type of schwannoma located in internal acoustic meatus (CN 8)

Answer 18

acoustic neuroma

Question 19

BI-lateral acoustic neuromas

Answer 19

neurofibromatosis type 2 (bi)

Question 20

glial cell that promotes axonal regeneration (of the PNS)

Answer 20

schwann cell

Question 21

Nissl substance found in

Answer 21

dendrites + cell bodies (NOT AXONS)

= rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

3 structures of blood barrier

Answer 22

nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells with tight junctions
basement membrane of capillary endothelial cells
astrocyte foot processes

Question 23

how does glucose + amino acids cross the BBB?

Answer 23

slowly - via carrier-mediated transport

Question 24

how does nonpolar/lipid (anesthetic) cross the BBB?

Answer 24

rapidly - via diffusion

Question 25

brain areas with fenestrated capillaries (no BBB)

Answer 25

posterior pituitary: ADH, oxytocin released directly into the blood

Question 26

stroke (infarction), trauma, tumor destroys BBB tight junctions → causes

Answer 26

cerebral edema

tx: mannitol (diuretic) ↓ICP

Question 27

components of the reticular activating system

Answer 27

reticular formation
locus ceruleus: NE
raphe nuclei: 5HT

Question 28

function of RAS

Answer 28

mediates: 
consciousness
wakefulness
attentiveness
lesion: ↓NE/5HT in brain→coma

Question 29

main inhibitory NT of spinal cord

Answer 29

glycine

Question 30

main excitatory NT of CNS

Answer 30

glutamate

Question 31

main inhibitory NT of CNS

Answer 31

GABA