minerals Flashcards
iron stores in body
hemoglobin myoglobin storage of excess iron: liver spleen bone marrow
if depleted iron stores:
microcytic anemia
causes of iron poisioning in children
infant takes iron-fortified prenatal vitamins, iron supplements if family member had anemia
mechanism of iron poisoning
peroxidation of membrane lipids → cell death
generates free radicals
symptoms of iron poisioning
acute: gastric bleeding (first place iron pills will settle), hematemesis + ab pain or no sx →hypovolemic shock
6hr -3 days after ingestion: metabolic acidosis (not acute vomiting = metabolic alkalosis)
2-8 wks: scarring of GI tract (free radicals generated by iron) →obstruction of GI tract
iron protein for cellular STORAGE of iron
ferritin: iron-protein complex (ferric acid + appoferritin)
↑ concentration of ferritin in hepatocytes (iron bound to ferritin in liver)
iron protein that is an acute phase reactant
ferritin:
↑ inflammation/infection →hepatocytes dumps ferritin into blood so ferritin can bind to unbound iron and prevent bacteria from using unbound iron
iron protein for TRANSPORT of iron
transferrin:
binds ferric (Fe3+) molecules and transports in blood (iron from liver to BM, etc)
made in liver
T1/2 = 8 days
iron protein ↑ in iron deficiency
transferrin: need protein to deliver more iron (high binding capacity in IDA because not much iron around for binding)
essential for activity of 100+ enzymes carbonic anhydrase: renal tubules, RBC lactate dehydrogenase immune system form zinc fingers (transcription factor for DNA transcription - need proteins in healing state)
zinc
give if healing or wound inadequate healing
zinc
zinc deficiency
delayed wound healing decreased wound healing ↓facial and body hair hypogonadism anosmia (↓ smell) dysgeusia (↓ taste) ↓ immune response rash: eyes, mouth, nose, anus (acrodermatitis enteropathica) anorexia, diarrhea growth retardation depression impaired night vision (like vit. A) infertility
most important regulator of Ca metabolism
PTH
hyperparathyroidism causes
hypercalcemia:
STONES, BONES, GROANS, psychiatric OVERTONES
hypocalcemia signs
tetany + spasms
Trousseau sign: Tighten bp cuff → carpopedal spasm
Chvostek sign: tap cheek → facial muscle spasm
muscle contractions NT release platelet function clotting cascade intracellular processing: need for glucose, ATP
calcium
lead poisioning
acute: ↓ IQ, hearing problems, growth impairment, peripheral neuropathy (wrist drop and foot drop), lead lines (interferes with remodeling of cartilage in growing bones, can get in teeth and gum junctions = burton lines)
severe: ↓ hemoglobin synthesis → anemia, abdominal pain (lead inhibits ferrochelatase + ALA dehydratase), nephropathy, encephalopathy, death
wrist drop and foot drop
lead poisioning
basophilic stippling
lead poisioning
lead inhibits rRNA degradation → retain rRNA segmetns in RBC
ringed sideroblasts in BM
lead poisioning
RBC precursor that contains mitochondria filled with iron
treatment of lead poisioning
mild: remove source
mod-high with sx in adult/child: chelating agent (succimer or EDTA)
child with severe: dimercaprol +/- succimer
mercury poisioning
shark, swordfish, tilefish, king mackerel (avoid these fish in pregnancy), old thermometer, batteries
accumulates in KIDNEYS + BRAIN→ enlarged kidneys, peripheral neuropathy, tremor, pscyh: excitability, insomnia
acrodynia: peeling of finger tips
abdominal pain
2 molecules iron is bound in human cells vs blood
cells: myoglobin, ferritin
blood: hemoglobin, transferrin
