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DIT topics > bacteria basics > Flashcards

bacteria basics Flashcards

1
Q

acute phase cytokines

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNFα

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2
Q

hair-like structures that mediate adherence of bacteria to surfaces (respiratory, GI tract)

A

fimbriae

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3
Q

forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation

A

pilus

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4
Q

pilus allows transfer of DNA (plasmids = resistance, virulence factors = toxins) from one bacteria to another

A

conjugation

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5
Q

longer than fimbriae and pilus

provide whip-like motility

A

flagella

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6
Q

gelatinous polysaccharide coat of bacteria

adds in attachment to foreign material (indwelling catheter, teeth)

A

glycocalyx

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7
Q

if organized glycocalyx (polysaccharide coat) and firmly adherant to bacteria (sugar coat)

A

capsule

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8
Q

if loosely adherant and less organized glcyocalyx (polysaccharide coat)
produced by bacteria
shields from antibiotics, hard to remove

A

slime/biofilm

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9
Q

protects bacteria from phagocytosis

allows for time to evade immune system and divide

A

capsule (type of virulence factor)

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10
Q

test to detect encapsulated bacteria:
anti-capsular serum added to bacteria
positive: capsule swells under microscope

A

quellung reaction

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11
Q

encapuslated bacteria

A 
SHiN
**Streptococcus pneumoniae
**Haemophilus 
influenza type B
**Neisseria meningitidis
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12
Q

most vulnerable population to encapsulated bacteria infection

A 
splenectomy patient
vaccinate against polysaccharide capsule (antigen):
**Streptococcus pneumoniae
**Haemophilus 
influenza type B
**Neisseria meningitidis
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13
Q

yeast with capsule

A

cryptococcus neoformans

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14
Q

ribosomes

A

location of protein synthesis

2 subunits combine to translate mRNA

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15
Q

prokaryote (bacterial) ribosomes

A

70S (50S + 30S)

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16
Q

eukaryote (human) ribosomes

A

80S (60S + 40S)

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17
Q

genetic material separate from chromosomal DNA and
replicate separately
genes for: antibiotic resistance, enzymes, toxin production
transferred during conjugation

A

plasmids

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18
Q

mechanisms of genetic change in bacteria

A

conjugation via pili and plasmids
transformation
transposition
transduction

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19
Q

DNA released from lysed cell and then taken up by a living bacterium
DNA fragments incorporated into chromosomal DNA→recombinant bacteria

A

transformation

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20
Q

what bacteria can acquire genetic material via transformation

A 
SHiN
**Streptococcus pneumoniae
**Haemophilus 
influenza type B
**Neisseria meningitidis
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21
Q

small segments of DNA that can self-exise and relocate
transfer from chromosome to plasmid (allow for AR, spread to another bacteria via conjugation) and vice versa, chromosome to chromosome
may carry antibiotic resistance, VFs

A

transposons

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22
Q

bacteriophage (phage = virus that infects bacteria) attaches to bacterium and injects its DNA
phage DNA and proteins are repackaged in viral capsids -
some bacterial DNA also be in the viral capsid
new phage injects viral and bacterial DNA into next bacterium
bacterial DNA of virus + host can combine

A

transduction

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23
Q

sterols in plasma membrane

NO cell wall

A

mycoplasma (bacteria)

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24
Q

cell wall:
mycolic acid
high lipid content (resistant to gram staining)

A

mycobacteria

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25
Q

dormant form of bacteria until hospitable environment is available, then replicate again
resist: dessication, heat, cold, disinfectants, lack of nutrients

A

spores

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26
Q

bacteria that don’t gram stain well

A

These Microbes May Lack Real Color:
Treponema (G- corkscrew, too small to visualize)
Mycobacteria (high lipid content in cell wall)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella pneumophila (branched fatty acids in cell walls, intracellular)
Rickettsia (intracellular)
Chlamydia (intracellular)

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27
Q

Giemsa stain

A 
Honestly, Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience 
Histoplasma
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsiae
Trypanosomes
my
Plasmodium
28
Q

periodic acid schiff (PAS) stain

A 
PASs the sugar (stains gycogen + mucopolysaccharides)
Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple's disease)
29
Q

ziehl-neelsen stain

A

stain acid fast organisms:

mycobacterium tuberculosis

30
Q

india ink stain

A

encapsualated yeast: cryptococcus neoformans

31
Q

silver stain

A

fungi: pneumocystis jirovecii

legionella

32
Q

provides rigid support to bacterial cell and protects against osmotic pressure differences

A

peptidoglycan layer of cell wall

33
Q

spore-forming bacteria when nutrients limited or environment is inhospitable

A

G+ rods: bacillus, clostridium

others: coxiella burnetti

34
Q

bacteria has to be in aerobic environment to grow and produce energy

A

obligate aerobe

35
Q

obligate aneorobe bacteria

A

lack catalase and superoxide dismutase:
G+: clostridium tetani, actinomyces
G- rod: bacteroides

36
Q

antibiotics for aneorbes

A

metronidazole

clindamycin

37
Q

causes of neonatal sepsis

A 
GBS
E coli (G-)
listeria monocytogenes (G+)
38
Q

organisms most commonly implicated in subacute endocarditis

A

viridans group streptococci (most common cause of subacute infective endocarditis)
enterococci
s. bovis
coagulase negative staph (s. epidermidis)
HACEK organisms

39
Q

most common cause of meningitis

A

s. pneumoniae

40
Q

most common cause of ostoemyelitis

A

s. aureus

41
Q

most common bacterial cause of otitis media in children

A

s. pneumoniae

42
Q

cellulitis

A

s. aureus

s. pyogenes

43
Q

associated with reactive arthritis (Reiter’s syndrome)

A 
G- diarrhea bugs: 
shigella
salmonella
campylobacter jejuni
yersinia
others:
chlamydia trachamotis
44
Q

infection associated with animal urine

A

leptospira (spirochete)

hantavirus (rodent urine)

45
Q

diarrhea after raw eggs or raw chicken

A

G-:
campylobacter
salmonella

46
Q

rice water stools

A

G-:
vibrio cholerae
ETEC

47
Q

diarrhea from household pet

A

G- rods:
yersinia enterocolitica
salmonella (reptiles, pet turtles)

48
Q

blood diarrhea after eating undercooked hamburger meat

A

EHEC

49
Q

diarrhea + RLQ pain like appendicitis

A

yersinia

50
Q

pregnant women should avoid unpasteurized milk due to these bacteria

A

listeria
brucella species
coxiella burnetti

51
Q

most common bacterial cause of cervicitis

A

chlamydia trachomatis

52
Q

antibiotic put on eyes after baby is born birth

A

gonorrhea conjunctivitis

doesn’t treat chlamydia conjunctivitis (use oral azithromycin or erythromycin)

53
Q

3 main causes of atypical pneumonia (“atypical”)

A

legionella pneumophila
chlamydophila pneumoniae
mycoplasma pneumoniae

54
Q

treatment for atypical pneumonia (“walking”)

A

empiric treatment (don’t look for bug) since antibiotic covers all:
azithromycin
doxycycline
flouroquinolones

55
Q

bacteria that are non-staining + culture poorly

A

gardernella vaginalis: bacteria vaginosis
ricketssiae: Giemsa
Ehrlichia chaffeensis: human monocytic ehrlichiosis
Anaplasma phagocytophilum: human granulocytic anaplasmosis
Coxiella burnetti: Q fever
chlamydia species
mycoplasma pneumoniae

56
Q

if low glucose in CSF fluid consider

A

bacterial meningitis

tuberculosis meningitis

57
Q

obligate intracellular bacteria

A

rickettsia
coxiella
chlamydia

58
Q

catalase-positive organisms

A 
S. aureus
E. coli
pseudomonas
klebsiella
aspergillus
salmonella
↑ catalase + infections in chronic granulomatous disease (phagocytes lack free radicals to kill due to no NADPH oxidase)
59
Q

mycobacteria that causes TB-like symptoms in COPD patients

A

mycobacterium kansasii

60
Q

mycobacteria that causes cervical lymphadenitis in children

A

mycobacteria scrofulaceum

61
Q

mycobacteria that causes disseminated disease in AIDs patients

A

MAI or MAC
mycobacteria avium intracellulare
mycobacteria avium complex

62
Q

mycobacteria that causes hand infection in aquarium

A

mycobacteria marinum

63
Q

obligate aerobe bacteria

A 
Nagging Pests Must Breathe
Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacillus
64
Q

characteristics of enterobacteriaceae in colonic flora

A

G-, facultative anaerobic bacteria (don’t need O2)
ferment sugar into lactic acid
if excess in colon: can cause lactic acidosis due to absorption

65
Q

function of MacConkey agar

A

isolates G- bacteria (crystal violet + bile salts inhibits growth of G+)
distinguish lactose fermenters (pink) from non-lactose fermenters (white)

66
Q

cell wall inhibitor effective against pseudomonas

A

3rd or 4th gen cephalosporins
carboxypenicllin (like ticarcillin)
aztreonam
carbapenems

67
Q

produce urease: hydrolyzes urea → ammonia →↑ pH of urine (more alkaline) → struvite stones (magnesium ammonium phosphate): “staghorn calculus”

A

proteus mirabilis

klebsiella

DIT topics (115 decks)

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