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DIT topics > female reproduction > Flashcards

female reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is the hormone:
development of breast + ductal system
stimulate ENDOMETRIAL PROLIFERATION
growth of female internal genitalia: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
growth of female external genitalia
stimulate bone growth (inhibit osteoclast activity)
↑HDL, ↓LDL

A

estrogen

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2
Q

types of estrogen in body

A

estradiol (ovary, most potent)
estrone (converted from androgens in adrenal cortex to estrone via aromatase in adipose tissue, males/females)
estriol (placenta, least potent)

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3
Q

what is the hormone:
inhibit endometrial proliferation
promotes SECRETORY CHANGES in endometrium (prepare for implantation)
produces thick cervical mucus (inhibit sperm entry into uterus)
smooth muscle relaxation (incl uterus - prevent ctx + miscarriage)
secretory changes in breast (prepare for milk production)

A

progesterone

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4
Q

what is made by the syncytiotrophoblast of placenta

A

bHCG

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5
Q

most common location of fertilization

A

ampulla of fallopian tube

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6
Q

bHCG (from synctiotrophoblasts) is detectable after a pregnancy when:

A

blood: 1 week after conception
urine: 2 weeks after conception

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7
Q

implantation occurs

A

6 days after fertilization

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8
Q

fertilization must occur within

A

1 day after ovulation

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9
Q

role of syncytiotrophoblast and its bHCG secretion

A

prevent CL degeneration → maintain estrogen + progesterone levels

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10
Q

when does the placenta become the main source of estrogen (estriol) + progesterone

A

6 wks (no longer CL)

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11
Q

what inhibits lactation during pregnancy

A

↑ progesterone + estrogen from the placenta

once placenta removed: ↓ estrogen + progesterone → lactation

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12
Q

prolactin + oxytocin are both stimulated by

A

suckling

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13
Q

made by anterior pituitary

induces milk production

A

prolactin

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14
Q

released by posterior pituitary

induces milk let down (into the ducts)

A

oxytocin

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15
Q

α subunit of HCG is similar to

A

LH, FSH, TSH

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16
Q

protective against enodmetrial cancer

A

progesterone

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17
Q

primary oocyte is arrested in

A

prOphase I (until Ovulation)

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18
Q

secondary oocyte is arrested in

A

metaphase II (until fertiization)

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19
Q

> 35 day cycle

A

oligomenorrhea

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20
Q
A

polymenorrhea

21
Q

frequent, irregular periods

A

metrorhagia

22
Q

heavy or prolonged (>7 days) periods

A

menorrhagia

23
Q

heavy, frequent, irregular periods

A

menometrorrhagia

24
Q

painful periods with unknown cause

A

1­° dysmenorrhea

25
Q

painful periods due to endometriosis or fibroid

A

2° dysmenorrhea

26
Q

sexual development of female

A

breast buds form → pubic hair → menarche → may have anovulatory cycles within first few years (irregular periods)

27
Q

tx of anovulation few years after menarche

A

OCP

check pregnancy test first!

28
Q

treatment of 1° dysmenorrhea

A

NSAIDs

+/- hormonal contraceptive

29
Q

use of hormonal contraceptives

A

dysmenorrhea
dysfunctional retinue bleeding
PCOS

30
Q

MOA of hormonal birth control

A

progestin +/- estrogen → negative feedback to pituitary + hypothalamus →↓ FSH/LH release → no LH surge → prevent ovulation

31
Q

SE of estrogen

A

endometrial hyperplasia → can progress to endometrial cancer
growth of ER+ cancer (breast cancer)
↑ risk of venous thromboembolism (DVT, PE)

32
Q

metabolism of estrogen (in birth control pill, HRT) is by

A 
cyp450
potential for drug-drug interactions - drugs that induce P450 and enhance estrogen metabolism (ineffective birth control, HRT):
Guinness, Coronas, PBRS, induce chronic alcoholism
Griseofulvin
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Barbiturates
Rifampin - tx for latent TB
St. John's wart
chronic alcoholism
33
Q

use of progestin

A 
birth control (alone or with estrogen)
abnormal uterine bleeding
oppose estrogen proliferative effect on endometrium - used in women receiving estrogen replacement who still have a UTERUS (protect uterus from endometrial cancer)
34
Q

SE of progestin

A

irregular bleeding (esp when used alone)

35
Q

contraceptive that can cause hepatic adenoma

A

OCP

36
Q

contraceptive that can cause ↓ bone mineral density

A

DMPA injection - depo provera

37
Q

menopausal symptoms

A 
↓ estradiol production in ovaries produce S/S:
Menopausal Symptoms wreak HAVOC
Mood changes - depression
Sleep disturbances
Hot flashes
Atrophy of vagina →
Vaginal dryness
Osteoporosis
Coronary artery disease (↑ risk)
38
Q

diagnosis of menopause

A

12 months of amenorrhea

39
Q

labs once in menopause

A

ovaries stop producing: estradiol, inhibin →↑ GnRH, FSH, LH

40
Q

permanent cessation of menstruation due to decline in number of ovarian follicles
onset: 51 yrs

A

menopause

41
Q

menopause before 40 yo

A

premature ovarian failure

42
Q

predominant estrogen in post-menopausal women

A

estrone: androgen (from adrenal cortex) converted to estrone by aromatase in adipose tissue

43
Q

sudden onset of heat in face/chest → periphery
associated with diaphoresis, palpatations
followed by chills, shivering
lasts 2-4 minutes
may disturb sleep

A

hot flashes

44
Q

treatment of hot flashes

A

HRT (estrogen) better than SSRI, SNRI, gabapentin

herbal: contain estrogen (avoid in breast cancer)

45
Q

use of HRT

A

relieve menopausal symptoms - not to prevent CAD, osteoporosis
use for shortest time possible, lowest dose (

46
Q

contraindications for HRT

A

CAD
active liver disease
history of breast cancer, stroke, VTE

47
Q

using HRT in women with a uterus

A

estrogen + PROGESTERONE (protective)

unopposed estrogen increases risk of endometrial cancer

48
Q

differential diagnosis of 1° amenorrhea

A 
turner syndrome (most common)
imperforate hymen
androgen insensitivity syndrome
mullerian duct agenesis
delayed puberty

DIT topics (115 decks)

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