oropharynx: tongue, salivary gland, cleft lip/palate, nose, sinus, tonsils/adenoids

Question 1

inflammation of tongue caused by vitamin B deficiency (riboflavin, niacin, pyrodoxine) or iron deficiency
“beefy red” or smoothing

Answer 1

glossitis

Question 2

area of keratosis on mucous membranes

most common in smokers

Answer 2

luekoplakia

no oral hairy luekoplakia (side of tongue - caused by EBV in HIV)

Question 3

candida albicans

seen in infancy + immunocompromised

Answer 3

oral thrush

Question 4

caused by HSV-1 (rarely HSV-2)

Answer 4

oral herpes

Question 5

painful ulcer associated with: trauma, citrus fruits, stress, food allergies, vitamin B12 deficiency, chron’s disease

Answer 5

aphthous ulcer

Question 6

salivary glands

Answer 6

parotid gland: watery (serous), CN 7 runs through it
sublinguinal gland: thick
submandibular gland
ALL: contains α-amylase (break down starch), bicarbonate, mucins (lubricate), IgA, growth factors (renew epithelium)

Question 7

autonomic stimulation of saliva secretion

Answer 7

sympathetic stimulation via superior cervical ganglion: thick (need water)
parasympathetic stimulation via CN 7 + CN 9: watery (eat food)

Question 8

drying of mouth

associated with sjogren syndrome (+ dry eye)

Answer 8

xerostomia

Question 9

stone blocking the salivary gland duct → acute pain, swelling in submandibular gland or stensen duct (parotid gland)
treat with sour candy, chew gum →↑ saliva stimulation unclogs duct

Answer 9

sialolithiasis

Question 10

sialadenitis: inflammation or infection of salivary gland (may be due to sialolithiasis)
most common bacteria

Answer 10

s. aureus

viridans group streptococci

Question 11

drugs that cause xerostomia

Answer 11

anticholinergics

antihistamines

Question 12

women: 20-40 yo
most common salivary gland tumor + benign tumor
benign tumor of parotid gland
epithelial + mesenchymal cells
↑ risk with radiation
can lead to CN 7 injury

Answer 12

pleomorphic adneoma

Question 13

second most common benign salivary tumor

Answer 13

warthin tumor

Question 14

most common malignant tumor and second most common overall

Answer 14

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Question 15

benign or malignant based on location

Answer 15

parotid: 70% malignant

Question 16

most salivary gland tumors occur in

Answer 16

parotid gland

Question 17

failure of maxillary + medial nasal processes to fuse

difficulty sucking for breastfeeding

Answer 17

cleft lip

Question 18

failure of lateral palatine processes, nasal septum, and median palantine process to fuse

Answer 18

cleft palate

Question 19

folate deficiency can cause

Answer 19

cleft lip and/or cleft palate

Question 20

inflammation of mucous membranes inside nose:
congestion
rhinorrhea
post-nasal drip

Answer 20

rhinitis

Question 21

common causes of infectious rhinitis (common cold)

Answer 21

coronavirus
rhinovirus
adenovirus
echovirus

Question 22

triggered by airborne allergens (pollen, dander)

treat with intranasal steroids, oral antihistamines

Answer 22

allergic rhinitis

Question 23

overgrowth of mucosa (usually accompany allergic rhinitis)

treat with intranasal steroids or remove

Answer 23

nasal polyps

Question 24

potent vasoconstrictor → ischemia → perforate nasal mucosa

Answer 24

cocaine

Question 25

blocked eustachian tube by mucus or inflammation

treat with intranasal steroids

Answer 25

eustachian tube dysfunction

Question 26

long-term allergic or infectious rhinitis → acute bacterial sinusitis (due to mucous stagnant in sinus for too long)
facial pain
fever
purulent nasal discharge

Answer 26

sinusitis: frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid

Question 27

sore throat
pain with swallowing
if recurrent episodes: consider removing tonsils

Answer 27

tonsilitis

Question 28

most common cause of tonsilitis

Answer 28

s. pyogenes (strep throat)

Question 29

benign cystic lesion
double layer of columnar epithelium around cyst
stroma of tumor is lymphoid-like

Answer 29

warthin tumor