Diagnosis History, clinical signs Course Histology

Aujeszky’s disease • PHV-1 Incubation • 2-6 days Course • 1-3 days Clinical signs High fever 41-45°c Tachypnoea, dyspnoea Excitation, shivering, paraesthesia Convulsions, +/- bellowing Paralysis, recumbency Automutiliation

Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis) Flavivirus Sheep Clinical signs Can be inapparent Acute course o Hypersensitivity, tremor, rigidity of the muscles and incoordination, stiff movements and bounding gate

8. Neurological diseases in cattle Flashcards by Cian Ryan

Neurological diseases in cattle?

Congenital
Viral
Prion
Bacterial
Parasitic
Metabolic
Miscellaneous

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Neurological Ocurence, treatment, prognosis control and CNS signs?

Occurrence

Encephalopathies are rare
Myelopathies are extremely rare

Treatment

• Rarely successful

Prognosis

• Unfavourable to poor

Control

Elimination of the disease
Measured for epidemic control
Prevention
Prevention of zoonoses

CNS signs

Pushing head against wall
Unable to respond to sensory reflexes
Just standing in paddock

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Congenital?

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

Lysosomal storage disease (inherited)

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Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia?

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

• Hydrocephalus: genetical origin, can be inherited intrauterine virus infection (bluetongue virus in lambs,

Akabane virus in calves)

• Cerebella hypoplasia (+pons, + cortex, +optic nerves) genetical origin, can be inherited or intrauterine BVD

infection

Clinical signs

o Stillbirth or perinatal death

o Depression, blind, paralysis + domed cranium, protruded eyes, nystagmus, recumbency or attempts

of uncoordinated movements, extended neck, and legs

Differential diagnosis

o A hypovitaminosis, infectious, nutritional diseases

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Lysosomal storage disease?

Lysosomal storage disease (inherited)

• Storage of metabolites

o Gangliosides, sphingomyelin, lipofuscin, glucoproteins

§ Atrophy or neurons, necrosis

Characteristics

o Young lambs, calves, foetal outcome

o In small breeds inherited lysosomal hydrolase enzyme deficiencies

o Chronic, progressive cerebral-myeloid symptoms

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Other degenerative diseases?

Other degenerative diseases

Inherited cerebellar dystrophy (Suffolk sheep) ataxia
Bovine progressive ataxia (Charolais motoric disturbances)- oligodendroglia dysplasia
Hypomyelogenesis (jersey, Hereford, shorthorn)
Cerebral oedema, oedema of the neurons, motoric disturbances, spasmophilia

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Viral?

Rabies

Aujeszky disease

Louping ill

Lenti viruses

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Rabies?

Rabies

Source of infection

• Fox, dog, cat

Transmission of infection

• Blood sucking bat

Incubation period

• 2 weeks – 4 months

Course of the disease

• 3-6 days

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Clinical signs of rabies?

Clinical signs

Abnormal behaviour, attacking people and animals
Hypersexuality, colic
Loud, hoarse, donkey-like bellowing
Signs of bulbar paralysis
Ascending paralysis of the limbs
Danger of human infection

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Diagnosis of rabies?

Diagnosis

History, clinical signs
Course
Histology

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Aujeszkys disease?

Aujeszky’s disease

• PHV-1

Incubation

• 2-6 days

Course

• 1-3 days

Clinical signs

High fever 41-45°c
Tachypnoea, dyspnoea
Excitation, shivering, paraesthesia
Convulsions, +/- bellowing
Paralysis, recumbency
Automutiliation

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Louping ill?

Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis)

Flavivirus
Sheep

Clinical signs

Can be inapparent
Acute course

o Hypersensitivity, tremor, rigidity of the muscles and incoordination, stiff movements and bounding

gate

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Diseases caused by lentiviruses?

Diseases caused by lentiviruses

Neurological Manifestation of Maedi= Visna

Cause: lentivirus
Occurrence: sheep, especially Iceland
Pathology: progressive demyelinating encephalomyelitis

Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE)

Cause: lentivirus
Clinical Signs: ataxia, paraplegia, tetraplegia

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Other viral diseases?

Other viral diseases

Bovine malignant catarrh

Cause: herpesvirus- OHV-2
Pathology: rhinitis/sinusitis, meningitis, encephalitis

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

BHV-1
Pathology: encephalitis in 5-25% of infected calves

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Prion?

Scrapie

BSE

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Scrapie?

Scrapie

Sheep and goats
Slow virus, non-conventional
Proteinaceous infectious particle= Prion (Prp)

Clinical signs

Long incubation period (>4-12 months)
Chronic, progressive course: 2-6 months = death
Sensorial and motoric disturbances
Scraping- irritation of the skin= Automutiliation
Weight loss= cachexia
Paralysis= downer syndrome

BSE?

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

Cattle
UK, Switzerland
Prion of scrapie

Clinical signs

Incubation period 3-5years
Course: 2-6 months- chronic wasting nature- death
“Mad cow” disease

o Apprehensive behaviour, hyperaesthesia, ataxia, weight loss

Bacterial?

Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, myelitis

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

Listeriosis

Chlamydia encephalomyelitis

Parahypophyseal abscess

Meningitis?

Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, myelitis

• Pyogen bacteria: local spread or hematogenous spread, disseminated or diffuse inflammation, brain abscess

o Diffuse: fast course, high fever, severe depression, spasm, ataxia, coma

o Focal: slower, progression

• Poor prognosis, high cost of treatment, slaughter restrictions

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis(TEME)?

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

Bullocks in autumn- winter
Haemophilus somnus

Clinical signs

Necrotic foci- brain and spinal cord
Morbidity 90%
Mortality 10%
Fever, depression, apathy
Tetraparesis, convulsions, coma

Treatment

Early stage= sulphonamides
AB might help

Listeriosis ?

Listeriosis (silage disease)

Listeria monocytogenes
Mainly in sheep
Winter, crowded stables
Pyogenic foci in the brain stem

Clinical signs

• Unilateral

o Facial paralysis

o Vestibular paralysis

Control

• Environment, food, move to pasture

Chlamydia encephalomyelitis?

Chlamydia encephalomyelitis

Incubation: 4 days- 4 weeks
Fever, respiratory signs
CNS symptoms

Parahypophyseal abscess?

Parahypophyseal abscess

Trigeminus paralysis
Hypoglossus paralysis

Parasitic?

Coenurosis (Gid, Stardy)

• Taenia multiceps

Nasal bots ( Oestrosis)

warble flies

Coenurosis(taeenia multiceps) ?

Coenurosis (Gid, Stardy) • Taenia multiceps **_Clinical signs_** * Traumatic encephalitis due to migrating larvae * General cerebral signs * Focal symptoms- blindness in one eye, head pressing, deviation of the head, circling, ataxia **_Treatment_** • May be surgical **_Control_** • De-worming program for dogs, don’t feed dogs with carcasses of infected livestock

Nasal bots ?

Oestrosis (Nasal bots) • Oestrus ovis Clinical signs * Leading symptoms of rhinitis * Seldom: meningitis + cortical abscesses o Secondary bacterial infection Treatment • Insecticides o Closantel, ivermectin

Warble flies?

. Hypodermosis- warble flies • Hypoderma bovis Clinical signs • Skin lesions, grubs in cysts, migration into the brain, encephalitis, +/- involvement with spinal cord, sudden posterior paralysis Treatment • Organophosphate insecticides

Metabolic?

Vitamin A defieciency CCN Copper deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency?

. Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency * Beef, pregnant cows, and sheep * On dry grasses, pasture with poor roughage, during drought, presence of unsaturated fatty acids, peroxides Consequences * Rhodopsin deficiency- lack of regeneration of visual purple- hemeralopia (nigh blindness) * Osteopathy- narrowing of the foramen ovale- blindness * Overcrowding of the cranial cavity- encephalopathy * Impaired absorption of CSF- syncope, convulsions * Demyelinisation of peripheral nerve roots- paralysis Treatment • Vitamin A injection + PO supplementation

CNN?

Cerebrocortical Necrosis (CNN) a) Loss of thiamine b) Hydrogen sulphide

Copper deficiency?

Copper deficiency- enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback * Primary, secondary nervous disorders * Especially in sheep: pregnant, lambs * - Cu= - phospholipid synthesis= anoxia (complete loss of oxygen) Consequences • Demyelinisation cerebrum, cerebellar hypoplasia, spinal cord lesions Clinical signs • Postnatal acute swayback o Sudden recumbency, death • Enzootic ataxia o Ataxia, incoordination, atrophy of the hindquarters

Spasms/ convulsions and coma of metabolic origin?

Spasms/ convulsions and coma of metabolic origin * Mg deficiency- hypomagnesemia tetany * Ca deficiency- hypocalcaemia, parturient paresis, milk fever * Ketosis- nervous form * Hepatic coma- lipid mobilisation syndrome

Miscellaneous?

Tetanus Botulism Mycotoxins

Tetanus?

. Tetanus * Rare in ruminants * Like other animals + bloat * Sawhorse position

Botulism?

Botulism * Cl. Botulinum by ingestion or toxo-infectious botulism * Source of infection o Carcasses- rodents, cats, birds Consequences • Neurotoxin, impaired acetylcholine section, prohibited neuromuscular impulse transmission, true flaccid paralysis Clinical signs * 3-17 days after toxin exposure, often on herd level * Sudden recumbency and death * Anxiety, incoordination, ataxia, stumbling, knuckling, inability to rise the head and tail, normal sensorium * Sternal recumbency, overall flaccid paralysis o Head, neck, tail, tongue, dysphagia • Secondary constipation, abdominal type respiration Diagnosis • History, flaccid paralysis o No fever, retained sensation and consciousness, detection of toxin Differential diagnosis • Rabies, poisonings (lead), tetanus Treatment * Antitoxin serum * Artificial feeding via infusion/ NG tube * Purgatives to remove toxins * CNS stimulants o Neostigmine Control * Elimination of source of toxins * Immunization with toxoid

Mycotoxins?

Mycotoxins • Fusariotoxicosis o Fumonisin • Aspergillosis o Excitation, posterior paresis, hyperaesthesia, blindness • Smut o Hallucinations, hypermetria, pharyngeal paralysis