8. Neurological diseases in cattle Flashcards
Neurological diseases in cattle?
- Congenital
- Viral
- Prion
- Bacterial
- Parasitic
- Metabolic
- Miscellaneous
Neurological Ocurence, treatment, prognosis control and CNS signs?
Occurrence
- Encephalopathies are rare
- Myelopathies are extremely rare
Treatment
• Rarely successful
Prognosis
• Unfavourable to poor
Control
- Elimination of the disease
- Measured for epidemic control
- Prevention
- Prevention of zoonoses
CNS signs
- Pushing head against wall
- Unable to respond to sensory reflexes
- Just standing in paddock
Congenital?
Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia
Lysosomal storage disease (inherited)
Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia?
Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia
• Hydrocephalus: genetical origin, can be inherited intrauterine virus infection (bluetongue virus in lambs,
Akabane virus in calves)
• Cerebella hypoplasia (+pons, + cortex, +optic nerves) genetical origin, can be inherited or intrauterine BVD
infection
Clinical signs
o Stillbirth or perinatal death
o Depression, blind, paralysis + domed cranium, protruded eyes, nystagmus, recumbency or attempts
of uncoordinated movements, extended neck, and legs
Differential diagnosis
o A hypovitaminosis, infectious, nutritional diseases
Lysosomal storage disease?
Lysosomal storage disease (inherited)
• Storage of metabolites
o Gangliosides, sphingomyelin, lipofuscin, glucoproteins
§ Atrophy or neurons, necrosis
Characteristics
o Young lambs, calves, foetal outcome
o In small breeds inherited lysosomal hydrolase enzyme deficiencies
o Chronic, progressive cerebral-myeloid symptoms
Other degenerative diseases?
Other degenerative diseases
- Inherited cerebellar dystrophy (Suffolk sheep) ataxia
- Bovine progressive ataxia (Charolais motoric disturbances)- oligodendroglia dysplasia
- Hypomyelogenesis (jersey, Hereford, shorthorn)
- Cerebral oedema, oedema of the neurons, motoric disturbances, spasmophilia
Viral?
Rabies
Aujeszky disease
Louping ill
Lenti viruses
Rabies?
- Rabies
Source of infection
• Fox, dog, cat
Transmission of infection
• Blood sucking bat
Incubation period
• 2 weeks – 4 months
Course of the disease
• 3-6 days
Clinical signs of rabies?
Clinical signs
- Abnormal behaviour, attacking people and animals
- Hypersexuality, colic
- Loud, hoarse, donkey-like bellowing
- Signs of bulbar paralysis
- Ascending paralysis of the limbs
- Danger of human infection
Diagnosis of rabies?
Diagnosis
- History, clinical signs
- Course
- Histology
Aujeszkys disease?
Aujeszky’s disease
• PHV-1
Incubation
• 2-6 days
Course
• 1-3 days
Clinical signs
- High fever 41-45°c
- Tachypnoea, dyspnoea
- Excitation, shivering, paraesthesia
- Convulsions, +/- bellowing
- Paralysis, recumbency
- Automutiliation
Louping ill?
Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis)
- Flavivirus
- Sheep
Clinical signs
- Can be inapparent
- Acute course
o Hypersensitivity, tremor, rigidity of the muscles and incoordination, stiff movements and bounding
gate
Diseases caused by lentiviruses?
Diseases caused by lentiviruses
Neurological Manifestation of Maedi= Visna
- Cause: lentivirus
- Occurrence: sheep, especially Iceland
- Pathology: progressive demyelinating encephalomyelitis
Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE)
- Cause: lentivirus
- Clinical Signs: ataxia, paraplegia, tetraplegia
Other viral diseases?
Other viral diseases
Bovine malignant catarrh
- Cause: herpesvirus- OHV-2
- Pathology: rhinitis/sinusitis, meningitis, encephalitis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
- BHV-1
- Pathology: encephalitis in 5-25% of infected calves
Prion?
Scrapie
BSE
Scrapie?
Scrapie
- Sheep and goats
- Slow virus, non-conventional
- Proteinaceous infectious particle= Prion (Prp)
Clinical signs
- Long incubation period (>4-12 months)
- Chronic, progressive course: 2-6 months = death
- Sensorial and motoric disturbances
- Scraping- irritation of the skin= Automutiliation
- Weight loss= cachexia
- Paralysis= downer syndrome
BSE?
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
- Cattle
- UK, Switzerland
- Prion of scrapie
Clinical signs
- Incubation period 3-5years
- Course: 2-6 months- chronic wasting nature- death
- “Mad cow” disease
o Apprehensive behaviour, hyperaesthesia, ataxia, weight loss
Bacterial?
Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, myelitis
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)
Listeriosis
Chlamydia encephalomyelitis
Parahypophyseal abscess
Meningitis?
Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, myelitis
• Pyogen bacteria: local spread or hematogenous spread, disseminated or diffuse inflammation, brain abscess
o Diffuse: fast course, high fever, severe depression, spasm, ataxia, coma
o Focal: slower, progression
• Poor prognosis, high cost of treatment, slaughter restrictions
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis(TEME)?
Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)
- Bullocks in autumn- winter
- Haemophilus somnus
Clinical signs
- Necrotic foci- brain and spinal cord
- Morbidity 90%
- Mortality 10%
- Fever, depression, apathy
- Tetraparesis, convulsions, coma
Treatment
- Early stage= sulphonamides
- AB might help
Listeriosis ?
Listeriosis (silage disease)
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Mainly in sheep
- Winter, crowded stables
- Pyogenic foci in the brain stem
Clinical signs
• Unilateral
o Facial paralysis
o Vestibular paralysis
Control
• Environment, food, move to pasture
Chlamydia encephalomyelitis?
Chlamydia encephalomyelitis
- Incubation: 4 days- 4 weeks
- Fever, respiratory signs
- CNS symptoms
Parahypophyseal abscess?
Parahypophyseal abscess
- Trigeminus paralysis
- Hypoglossus paralysis
Parasitic?
Coenurosis (Gid, Stardy)
• Taenia multiceps
Nasal bots ( Oestrosis)
warble flies
Coenurosis(taeenia multiceps) ?
Coenurosis (Gid, Stardy)
• Taenia multiceps
Clinical signs
- Traumatic encephalitis due to migrating larvae
- General cerebral signs
- Focal symptoms- blindness in one eye, head pressing, deviation of the head, circling, ataxia
Treatment
• May be surgical
Control
• De-worming program for dogs, don’t feed dogs with carcasses of infected livestock
Nasal bots ?
Oestrosis (Nasal bots)
• Oestrus ovis
Clinical signs
- Leading symptoms of rhinitis
- Seldom: meningitis + cortical abscesses
o Secondary bacterial infection
Treatment
• Insecticides
o Closantel, ivermectin
Warble flies?
. Hypodermosis- warble flies
• Hypoderma bovis
Clinical signs
• Skin lesions, grubs in cysts, migration into the brain, encephalitis, +/- involvement with spinal cord, sudden
posterior paralysis
Treatment
• Organophosphate insecticides
Metabolic?
Vitamin A defieciency
CCN
Copper deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency?
. Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency
- Beef, pregnant cows, and sheep
- On dry grasses, pasture with poor roughage, during drought, presence of unsaturated fatty acids, peroxides
Consequences
- Rhodopsin deficiency- lack of regeneration of visual purple- hemeralopia (nigh blindness)
- Osteopathy- narrowing of the foramen ovale- blindness
- Overcrowding of the cranial cavity- encephalopathy
- Impaired absorption of CSF- syncope, convulsions
- Demyelinisation of peripheral nerve roots- paralysis
Treatment
• Vitamin A injection + PO supplementation
CNN?
Cerebrocortical Necrosis (CNN)
a) Loss of thiamine
b) Hydrogen sulphide
Copper deficiency?
Copper deficiency- enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback
- Primary, secondary nervous disorders
- Especially in sheep: pregnant, lambs
- Cu= - phospholipid synthesis= anoxia (complete loss of oxygen)
Consequences
• Demyelinisation cerebrum, cerebellar hypoplasia, spinal cord lesions
Clinical signs
• Postnatal acute swayback
o Sudden recumbency, death
• Enzootic ataxia
o Ataxia, incoordination, atrophy of the hindquarters
Spasms/ convulsions and coma of metabolic origin?
Spasms/ convulsions and coma of metabolic origin
- Mg deficiency- hypomagnesemia tetany
- Ca deficiency- hypocalcaemia, parturient paresis, milk fever
- Ketosis- nervous form
- Hepatic coma- lipid mobilisation syndrome
Miscellaneous?
Tetanus
Botulism
Mycotoxins
Tetanus?
. Tetanus
- Rare in ruminants
- Like other animals + bloat
- Sawhorse position
Botulism?
Botulism
- Cl. Botulinum by ingestion or toxo-infectious botulism
- Source of infection
o Carcasses- rodents, cats, birds
Consequences
• Neurotoxin, impaired acetylcholine section, prohibited neuromuscular impulse transmission, true flaccid
paralysis
Clinical signs
- 3-17 days after toxin exposure, often on herd level
- Sudden recumbency and death
- Anxiety, incoordination, ataxia, stumbling, knuckling, inability to rise the head and tail, normal sensorium
- Sternal recumbency, overall flaccid paralysis
o Head, neck, tail, tongue, dysphagia
• Secondary constipation, abdominal type respiration
Diagnosis
• History, flaccid paralysis
o No fever, retained sensation and consciousness, detection of toxin
Differential diagnosis
• Rabies, poisonings (lead), tetanus
Treatment
- Antitoxin serum
- Artificial feeding via infusion/ NG tube
- Purgatives to remove toxins
- CNS stimulants
o Neostigmine
Control
- Elimination of source of toxins
- Immunization with toxoid
Mycotoxins?
Mycotoxins
• Fusariotoxicosis
o Fumonisin
• Aspergillosis
o Excitation, posterior paresis, hyperaesthesia, blindness
• Smut
o Hallucinations, hypermetria, pharyngeal paralysis
