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Farm Animal Final > 8. Neurological diseases in cattle > Flashcards

8. Neurological diseases in cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Neurological diseases in cattle?

A
  1. Congenital
  2. Viral
  3. Prion
  4. Bacterial
  5. Parasitic
  6. Metabolic
  7. Miscellaneous
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2
Q

Neurological Ocurence, treatment, prognosis control and CNS signs?

A

Occurrence

  • Encephalopathies are rare
  • Myelopathies are extremely rare

Treatment

• Rarely successful

Prognosis

• Unfavourable to poor

Control

  • Elimination of the disease
  • Measured for epidemic control
  • Prevention
  • Prevention of zoonoses

CNS signs

  • Pushing head against wall
  • Unable to respond to sensory reflexes
  • Just standing in paddock
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3
Q

Congenital?

A

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

Lysosomal storage disease (inherited)

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4
Q

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

Hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia

• Hydrocephalus: genetical origin, can be inherited intrauterine virus infection (bluetongue virus in lambs,

Akabane virus in calves)

• Cerebella hypoplasia (+pons, + cortex, +optic nerves) genetical origin, can be inherited or intrauterine BVD

infection

Clinical signs

o Stillbirth or perinatal death

o Depression, blind, paralysis + domed cranium, protruded eyes, nystagmus, recumbency or attempts

of uncoordinated movements, extended neck, and legs

Differential diagnosis

o A hypovitaminosis, infectious, nutritional diseases

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5
Q

Lysosomal storage disease?

A

Lysosomal storage disease (inherited)

• Storage of metabolites

o Gangliosides, sphingomyelin, lipofuscin, glucoproteins

§ Atrophy or neurons, necrosis

Characteristics

o Young lambs, calves, foetal outcome

o In small breeds inherited lysosomal hydrolase enzyme deficiencies

o Chronic, progressive cerebral-myeloid symptoms

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6
Q

Other degenerative diseases?

A

Other degenerative diseases

  • Inherited cerebellar dystrophy (Suffolk sheep) ataxia
  • Bovine progressive ataxia (Charolais motoric disturbances)- oligodendroglia dysplasia
  • Hypomyelogenesis (jersey, Hereford, shorthorn)
  • Cerebral oedema, oedema of the neurons, motoric disturbances, spasmophilia
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7
Q

Viral?

A

Rabies

Aujeszky disease

Louping ill

Lenti viruses

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8
Q

Rabies?

A
  1. Rabies

Source of infection

• Fox, dog, cat

Transmission of infection

• Blood sucking bat

Incubation period

• 2 weeks – 4 months

Course of the disease

• 3-6 days

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9
Q

Clinical signs of rabies?

A

Clinical signs

  • Abnormal behaviour, attacking people and animals
  • Hypersexuality, colic
  • Loud, hoarse, donkey-like bellowing
  • Signs of bulbar paralysis
  • Ascending paralysis of the limbs
  • Danger of human infection
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10
Q

Diagnosis of rabies?

A

Diagnosis

  • History, clinical signs
  • Course
  • Histology
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11
Q

Aujeszkys disease?

A

Aujeszky’s disease

• PHV-1

Incubation

• 2-6 days

Course

• 1-3 days

Clinical signs

  • High fever 41-45°c
  • Tachypnoea, dyspnoea
  • Excitation, shivering, paraesthesia
  • Convulsions, +/- bellowing
  • Paralysis, recumbency
  • Automutiliation
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12
Q

Louping ill?

A

Louping ill (ovine encephalomyelitis)

  • Flavivirus
  • Sheep

Clinical signs

  • Can be inapparent
  • Acute course

o Hypersensitivity, tremor, rigidity of the muscles and incoordination, stiff movements and bounding

gate

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13
Q

Diseases caused by lentiviruses?

A

Diseases caused by lentiviruses

Neurological Manifestation of Maedi= Visna

  • Cause: lentivirus
  • Occurrence: sheep, especially Iceland
  • Pathology: progressive demyelinating encephalomyelitis

Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE)

  • Cause: lentivirus
  • Clinical Signs: ataxia, paraplegia, tetraplegia
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14
Q

Other viral diseases?

A

Other viral diseases

Bovine malignant catarrh

  • Cause: herpesvirus- OHV-2
  • Pathology: rhinitis/sinusitis, meningitis, encephalitis

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

  • BHV-1
  • Pathology: encephalitis in 5-25% of infected calves
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15
Q

Prion?

A

Scrapie

BSE

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16
Q

Scrapie?

A

Scrapie

  • Sheep and goats
  • Slow virus, non-conventional
  • Proteinaceous infectious particle= Prion (Prp)

Clinical signs

  • Long incubation period (>4-12 months)
  • Chronic, progressive course: 2-6 months = death
  • Sensorial and motoric disturbances
  • Scraping- irritation of the skin= Automutiliation
  • Weight loss= cachexia
  • Paralysis= downer syndrome
17
Q

BSE?

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

  • Cattle
  • UK, Switzerland
  • Prion of scrapie

Clinical signs

  • Incubation period 3-5years
  • Course: 2-6 months- chronic wasting nature- death
  • “Mad cow” disease

o Apprehensive behaviour, hyperaesthesia, ataxia, weight loss

18
Q

Bacterial?

A

Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, myelitis

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

Listeriosis

Chlamydia encephalomyelitis

Parahypophyseal abscess

19
Q

Meningitis?

A

Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, myelitis

• Pyogen bacteria: local spread or hematogenous spread, disseminated or diffuse inflammation, brain abscess

o Diffuse: fast course, high fever, severe depression, spasm, ataxia, coma

o Focal: slower, progression

• Poor prognosis, high cost of treatment, slaughter restrictions

20
Q

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis(TEME)?

A

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)

  • Bullocks in autumn- winter
  • Haemophilus somnus

Clinical signs

  • Necrotic foci- brain and spinal cord
  • Morbidity 90%
  • Mortality 10%
  • Fever, depression, apathy
  • Tetraparesis, convulsions, coma

Treatment

  • Early stage= sulphonamides
  • AB might help
21
Q

Listeriosis ?

A

Listeriosis (silage disease)

  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Mainly in sheep
  • Winter, crowded stables
  • Pyogenic foci in the brain stem

Clinical signs

• Unilateral

o Facial paralysis

o Vestibular paralysis

Control

• Environment, food, move to pasture

22
Q

Chlamydia encephalomyelitis?

A

Chlamydia encephalomyelitis

  • Incubation: 4 days- 4 weeks
  • Fever, respiratory signs
  • CNS symptoms
23
Q

Parahypophyseal abscess?

A

Parahypophyseal abscess

  • Trigeminus paralysis
  • Hypoglossus paralysis
24
Q

Parasitic?

A

Coenurosis (Gid, Stardy)

• Taenia multiceps

Nasal bots ( Oestrosis)

warble flies

25
Q

Coenurosis(taeenia multiceps) ?

A

Coenurosis (Gid, Stardy)

• Taenia multiceps

Clinical signs

  • Traumatic encephalitis due to migrating larvae
  • General cerebral signs
  • Focal symptoms- blindness in one eye, head pressing, deviation of the head, circling, ataxia

Treatment

• May be surgical

Control

• De-worming program for dogs, don’t feed dogs with carcasses of infected livestock

26
Q

Nasal bots ?

A

Oestrosis (Nasal bots)

• Oestrus ovis

Clinical signs

  • Leading symptoms of rhinitis
  • Seldom: meningitis + cortical abscesses

o Secondary bacterial infection

Treatment

• Insecticides

o Closantel, ivermectin

27
Q

Warble flies?

A

. Hypodermosis- warble flies

• Hypoderma bovis

Clinical signs

• Skin lesions, grubs in cysts, migration into the brain, encephalitis, +/- involvement with spinal cord, sudden

posterior paralysis

Treatment

• Organophosphate insecticides

28
Q

Metabolic?

A

Vitamin A defieciency

CCN

Copper deficiency

29
Q

Vitamin A deficiency?

A

. Vitamin A (carotene) deficiency

  • Beef, pregnant cows, and sheep
  • On dry grasses, pasture with poor roughage, during drought, presence of unsaturated fatty acids, peroxides

Consequences

  • Rhodopsin deficiency- lack of regeneration of visual purple- hemeralopia (nigh blindness)
  • Osteopathy- narrowing of the foramen ovale- blindness
  • Overcrowding of the cranial cavity- encephalopathy
  • Impaired absorption of CSF- syncope, convulsions
  • Demyelinisation of peripheral nerve roots- paralysis

Treatment

• Vitamin A injection + PO supplementation

30
Q

CNN?

A

Cerebrocortical Necrosis (CNN)

a) Loss of thiamine
b) Hydrogen sulphide

31
Q

Copper deficiency?

A

Copper deficiency- enzootic ataxia, congenital swayback

  • Primary, secondary nervous disorders
  • Especially in sheep: pregnant, lambs
    • Cu= - phospholipid synthesis= anoxia (complete loss of oxygen)

Consequences

• Demyelinisation cerebrum, cerebellar hypoplasia, spinal cord lesions

Clinical signs

• Postnatal acute swayback

o Sudden recumbency, death

• Enzootic ataxia

o Ataxia, incoordination, atrophy of the hindquarters

32
Q

Spasms/ convulsions and coma of metabolic origin?

A

Spasms/ convulsions and coma of metabolic origin

  • Mg deficiency- hypomagnesemia tetany
  • Ca deficiency- hypocalcaemia, parturient paresis, milk fever
  • Ketosis- nervous form
  • Hepatic coma- lipid mobilisation syndrome
33
Q

Miscellaneous?

A

Tetanus

Botulism

Mycotoxins

34
Q

Tetanus?

A

. Tetanus

  • Rare in ruminants
  • Like other animals + bloat
  • Sawhorse position
35
Q

Botulism?

A

Botulism

  • Cl. Botulinum by ingestion or toxo-infectious botulism
  • Source of infection

o Carcasses- rodents, cats, birds

Consequences

• Neurotoxin, impaired acetylcholine section, prohibited neuromuscular impulse transmission, true flaccid

paralysis

Clinical signs

  • 3-17 days after toxin exposure, often on herd level
  • Sudden recumbency and death
  • Anxiety, incoordination, ataxia, stumbling, knuckling, inability to rise the head and tail, normal sensorium
  • Sternal recumbency, overall flaccid paralysis

o Head, neck, tail, tongue, dysphagia

• Secondary constipation, abdominal type respiration

Diagnosis

• History, flaccid paralysis

o No fever, retained sensation and consciousness, detection of toxin

Differential diagnosis

• Rabies, poisonings (lead), tetanus

Treatment

  • Antitoxin serum
  • Artificial feeding via infusion/ NG tube
  • Purgatives to remove toxins
  • CNS stimulants

o Neostigmine

Control

  • Elimination of source of toxins
  • Immunization with toxoid
36
Q

Mycotoxins?

A

Mycotoxins

• Fusariotoxicosis

o Fumonisin

• Aspergillosis

o Excitation, posterior paresis, hyperaesthesia, blindness

• Smut

o Hallucinations, hypermetria, pharyngeal paralysis

Farm Animal Final (116 decks)

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