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Farm Animal Final > 2. Diseases of the lungs and upper airways in ruminants > Flashcards

2. Diseases of the lungs and upper airways in ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Diseases in lungs (List)?

A

Nasal haemorrhage

Malignant catarrhal fever

Ibr

BVD

frontal sinusitis

larangeal paralysis

fog fever

enzootic bronchopneumonia of calves

lungworm disease

dry pleuritis

bronchitis and bronchopneumonia

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2
Q

Nasal haemorrhage?

A

Nasal haemorrhage

• Traumatic origin in the background of 99% of cases

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3
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever?

A

Malignant catarrhal fever- Herpesvirus

  • OHV-2
  • Transmission from sheep and goats kept in close contact

Clinical signs

  • Depressed, dyspnoea, changes of mucous membranes
  • *** Bilateral catarrhal discharge ***
  • Salivation
  • Necrotic changes on the nasal region with purulent discharge
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4
Q

IBR?

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

  • Bovine herpesvirus 1- BHV-1
  • Vaccination is available
  • Occurs after stress

Clinical signs

• Unilateral catarrhal chemosis

o Inflammation is so bad you can no longer see the eye of the animal

Diagnosis

• Laboratory exams

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5
Q

BVD?

A

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD)- Pestivirus

Clinical signs

  • Respiratory signs and ulceration in the mouth
  • Severe immune-depressive virus= many other diseases can arise with BVD as the primary infection
  • Watery nasal discharge

Diagnosis

• Laboratory exams

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6
Q

Horn inflammation?

A

Horn inflammation/ frontal sinusitis

  • Fighting
  • Cutting by veterinary
  • Frontal sinus cavity will become exposed

o Flies, insects, and bacteria can enter

§ = infection

Treatment

  • AB less successful- poor circulation here
  • Locally administered drugs are more useful
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7
Q

Laryngeal paralysis?

A

Laryngeal paralysis

• Fuel contaminated hay poisoned the cattle

Diagnosis

  • Bronchoscopy
  • Laryngoscopy
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8
Q

Fog fever cause and pathogenesis?

A

Fog fever

  • Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and oedema (ABPEE)
  • 3-methyl indole

Pathogenesis

  • The cows are fed on poor pasture then they are moved to and consume lush pasture
  • They eat many hydrolysable proteins, this results in an increased ruminal NH3 content and decreased pH
  • L- tryptophan is produced and metabolized into 3-methyl-indole, it goes to the liver and then to the lungs
  • In the lungs there is biotransformation where it then acts on the phospholipid membrane
  • = Alveolar epithel damage = increased permeability = oedema
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9
Q

Clinical signs and Diagnosis of fog fever?

A

Clinical signs

  • After 4-10 days, sudden multiplied onset
  • Only occur in adult animals
  • Cyanosis
  • HR + RR incr
  • White foamy nasal discharge

o = Lung oedema

Diagnosis

• Detection of 3-methyl indole from the ruminal fluid

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10
Q

Differential diagnosis and diseases to rule out when sudden death occurs?

A

Differential diagnosis

  • Severe rumen overload, Lactacidemia
  • Bloat (free-gas, frothy)
  • Poisonings

o Cyanic glycosides, methemoglobinemia

Diseases to rule out when sudden death occurs

  • Clostridium perfringens toxaemia
  • Electrical stroke
  • Lightning strike
  • Toxicoses
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11
Q

Treatment of fog fever?

A

Treatment

  • Hay instead of grass
  • AB PO to suppress bacteria producing ammonia

o Neomycin, tetracyclines

• 20-40% glucose infusion IV

o Treat lung oedema

  • Antihistamines, GCC, flunixin meglumine
  • Diuresis

o Furosemide IV

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12
Q

Enzootic bronchopneumonia in calves viral and bacterial causes?

A

Enzootic bronchopneumonia of Calves

  • Multifactorial disease
  • Did the calf get enough colostrum?

Viral

  • PI-3
  • Adeno
  • BVD
  • IBR

Bacterial

  • Pasteurella haemolytica
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Haemophilus somnus
  • Mycoplasma bovis
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13
Q

Predisposing factors of enzootic bronchopneumonia?

A

Predisposing factors

  • Dust
  • Cold
  • Gas- NH3
  • Mycotoxins
  • Trichophytiasis- ring worm
  • Parasites
  • Colostrum antibodies, nutrient, and vitamin deficiency
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14
Q

Enzootic bronchopneumonia pathogenesis?

A

Pathogenesis

  • It begins with predisposing factors. These infections lead to respiratory epithelial damage
  • From this damage there are 3 possibilities:

o Sudden death, this is the cheapest way, and the virus will not replicate in this animal

o Quick recovery- the best option

o Bacterial Infection

• From the 3rd possibility there is overgrowth of bacteria within the lower respiratory tract, and they produce

cytotoxins

• This leads to dysfunction of alveolar macrophages, overgrowth of bacteria (Pasteurella, haemophilia)

inflammation, finally resulting in sudden death, recovery, or chronic disease

• In the chronic disease there is huge loss of the lung surface leading to decreased oxygen intake and thus

decreased production. This is seen in the slaughterhouse/necropsy

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15
Q

Clinical signs of enzootic bronchopneumonia?

A

Clinical signs

• At the start:

o Depression but clean animal in good condition

o Slight nasal discharge

o Temperature is high

o If we examine the lung there is moisture movement

  • If we take a swab, we will detect the virus/ bacteria
  • As the disease progresses:

o There is more nasal discharge

• Chronic:

o Dyspnoea

o Small salivation

o Dull coat

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16
Q

Treatment of enzootic bronchopneumonia?

A

Treatment

• AB

o Sulphonamides

• Symptomatic therapy

o Bronchodilators (aminophylline)

o Secretolytics (acetylcysteine, bromhexine)

o Anti-inflammatory and antitussive (antihistamines e.g., dextromethorphan)

o NSAID’s (flunixin meglumine)

• Young calves (a few days old)

o Preserved, frozen colostrum can be given

17
Q

Lungworm disease?

A

Lung worm disease

Dictiocaulus Viviparus

Diagnosis

• Tracheal fluid for parasitological exams

Treatment

• Antiparasitic

18
Q

Chronic dry pleuritis?

A

Chronic, dry pleuritis

Clinical signs

  • Kyphosis
  • Animal reluctant to move

Diagnosis

• Auscultation

Differential Diagnosis:

  • Reticuloperitonitis- difficult as chronic, dry pleuritis can also give a positive pole test
  • Splenitis
  • Kidney problems- take urine samples and rule it out
19
Q

Bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep and goats(causes)?

A

Bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep and goats

• Viruses

o Adenovirus, PI-3 virus, reovirus, retrovirus

• Bacteria

o Pasteurella, chlamydia, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

• Parasites

o Dictiocaulus filaria, protostrongylida spp

20
Q

Predisposing factors for bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep and goats?

A

Predisposing factors

• Malnutrition, crowded stables, cold, NH3

21
Q

Clinical signs of bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep?

A

Clinical signs

• Acute

o Fever, dyspnoea, nasal discharge, coughing

• Chronic

o Prolonged course, chronic weight loss, coughing

• Lung adenomatosis

o Thick, muddy nasal discharge

22
Q

Diagnosis of bronchitis and pneumonia in sheep?

A

Diagnosis

• Bronchial lavage

o Detection of bacteria and parasites

Farm Animal Final (116 decks)

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