78. Cardiological and haemopoietic disease of swine Flashcards
Swine cardiovascular diseases (General guidelines for diagnostics) ?
Swine cardiovascular diseases
- General guidelines for diagnostics
- Heartbeat
- Left side only
- 3-5 ribs below the shoulder line
- Cardiac dullness
- 2nd-3rd ICS, young, thin animal
- Relative
- Arteries available for digital palpation
- facial artery (difficult)
- femoral artery (difficult)
Swine cardiovascular diseases?
Swine cardiovascular diseases
- Congenital heart diseases
- Acquired heart diseases
- 2.bacterial endocarditis
- Diseases of the myocardium
- Diseases of the pericardium
- Vascular diseases
Congenital heart diseases?
Congenital heart diseases
Rare relative occurrence:
- Tricuspid dysplasia
- Atrial septal defect
- Persistent, common atrioventricular channel
Case report
Inherited: ventricular septal defect in miniature swine
Primary, idiopathic, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Intrauterine damage of the foetus
Clinical signs:
• - retarded growth, cyanosis, dyspnoea, typical heart murmur
Diagnosis:
• echo, +/- echocardiography, but mainly pathology
Prognosis:
• usually questionable.
Treatment:
• symptomatic if needed, similarly to other species
Bacterial endocarditis?
Bacterial endocarditis
Etiology:
- Bacteraemia
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Streptococcus sp.,
- Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus sp., E. coli
Clinical signs:
- Apathy, anorexia, fever, chronic weight loss cyanosis, tachypnoea, dyspnoea,
- Coughing
- Grade III.-V/VI., holosystolic cardiac murmur above the mitral valve, tachycardia
Diagnosis
• Cardiac murmur, +/- echocardiography, haemoculture
Treatment:
• Antibiotics, therapy of heart failure(?)
Diseases of the Myocardium?
Diseases of the myocardium
Cause:
• Viruses
- FMD : aphtovirus, SVD: enterovirus, ++
- parvovirus in piglets, PRSS virus,
- encephalomyocarditis: cardiovirus
- Bacteria +
- Nutritional/metabolic
- (Vitamin E / selenium deficiency) ++
- acute cardiac death (+ stress)
§ 2. mulberry heart disease
§ 3. ( myocardial / muscle dystrophy)
- Toxic (Se, As, Hg, lasalocide, salinomycin, monenzin) +
- Inherited + stress (malignant hyperthermia) (+)
Vitamin E and Selenium deficiency
- Mulberry Heart Disease: Young, rapidly growing animals, Often appears as sudden death
- Current theory: result of an oxidative stress caused by free radicals
Diagnosis:
• pathology, pathophysiology
Prevention
• generally relies on increased levels of vitamin E via injection, water, or feed supplementation.
Pericarditis?
Pericarditis
- common pericardial diseases of swine
- Glasser’s disease
- Haemophilus parasuis
- Sporadic
Clinical signs:
- CNS
- fibrinous exudate in body cavities
- Bronchopneumonia
- skin cyanosis
- Vasculitis
- Septicaemia
Treatment
• Antibiotics
Control
• Serotype specific
Swine vascular diseases?
Grouping of clinically relevant anaemias in swine?
Grouping of clinically relevant anaemias in swine
A) Blood loosing anaemia
- bleeding gastric ulcer
- parasitic infection - loss of blood/nutritive: strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Trichuris suis)
B) Haemolytic anaemia
- Immunohaemolytic anaemia (isoerythrolysis) in new-born piglets sow/boar blood group incompatibility, e.g. crossmating of Mangalican with other breeds
- M. haemosuis (Eperythrozoon suis) transmitted: insects, needles, transplacental; On the surface of erythrocytes.
Treatment: tetracyclines
• Leptospira, cytomegalovirus - Leptospira i.s. icterohaemorrhagie, cytomegalovirus infection
C) Nutritional anaemia-Fe, Cu, Co, essential amino acid deficiency
Iron deficiency anaemia in piglets?
Iron deficiency anaemia in piglets
Occurrence:
• in piglets of fast developing breeds, in intensive husbandry
Etiology:
- Sow milk + Fe-reserve of piglets from mother = 50% of total requirement
- Intensive husbandry: till the 14. postnatal day: limited source of Fe
Clinical signs and sequela
- Severe Fe deficiency:
- Clinical anaemia at 6-14 days of age
- “Porcelain piglets”, tachypnoea, weakness, squash to death
- Mild Fe deficiency:
- Subclinical anaemia at 1-4 weeks of age
- Decreased general resistance (depressed immune system) secondary diseases, retarded growth, poor
effectivity of fattening
Diagnosis
Severe form:
• Obvious clinical signs; microcyte, hypochromia anaemia
Subclinical (mild forms):
- Blood: (–) Hb, (–) Ht (PCV), (++) reticulocyte count
- Plasma:(–) Fe concentration/(++) Fe binding capacity= = Utility index (–)
Treatment, prevention
- parenteral Fe: piglets (of 2-5 days): 150-200 mg/piglets im. iron dextran/fumarate/glutamate
- peroral Fe replacement: within 12h after birth ferrous sulphate, iron dextran/galactan = effectivity of Fe
binding capacity
Methemoglobinaemia?
Methemoglobinemia
Etiology and pathogenesis
- NO3→NO2 → Hb → haemoglobin,
- nitrite oxidizes the Fe2+ ion within the haemoglobin molecule into Fe3+
- failure of oxygen transport
- NO3 containing food or water, HCl deficiency of
- the stomach
- biological air filters
Clinical signs
- Sudden onset
- Blue discoloration of mucosal membranes and skin,
- Cyanosis
- chocolate-brown blood, failure of coagulation
Diagnosis
- clinical signs, pathology
- methaemoglobin measurement in blood
Treatment
- methylene blue (10mg/kg iv. –rare individual treatment)
- Vitamins A and C per os
- oxygen therapy
Remark
• the disease occurs also in ruminants, mainly due to fertilizers
Retrovirus, C type oncovirus
Lymph node (spleen, liver, kidney)
Bone marrow
Leukaemia in swine
