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Geography > Water Management > Flashcards

Water Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What is making water management more important?

A

Rising demand and more complex issues like climate change

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2
Q

What are the 2 ways to deal with supply? (Water)

A

1) techno-fix (innovations)
2) attitudinal fix (behavioural)

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3
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

Using artificial structure to modify water supply

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4
Q

What are the three main types of hard engineering for water supply?

A

1) water transfer schemes (moving water form one place to another) - California
2) mega dams
3) desalinisation

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5
Q

What is desalination?

A

Making sea water safe to drink

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6
Q

What % of the world is water?

A

70%

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7
Q

What processes does desalination use?

A

Reverse osmosis
High to low concentration

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8
Q

What is the waste product of reverse osmosis?

A

Brine (salty water mixture)
When released can cause hyper salinisation

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9
Q

What is the population of Singapore?

A

4.2 million people

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10
Q

Where is Singapore located?

A

South of Malaysia
In south east Asia

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11
Q

What type of area country is Singapore?

A

city state (very little space)

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12
Q

Why is being a city state difficult for Singapore?

A

High population density
Very difficult to store water

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13
Q

Where did Singapore used to import its water from?

A

Malaysia making Singapore very water insecure

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14
Q

Why did Singapore stop importing water form Malaysia?

A

Prices were becoming more expensive
Malaysia also threatened to turn off supply

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15
Q

What do they call grey/ recycled water in Singapore?

A

New water

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16
Q

Why have they changed the name of grey water in Singapore?

A

In order to change peoples attitude on drinking used toilet water

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17
Q

What % of Singapore’s water usage is New water?

A

30%

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18
Q

What will Singapore be doing to their harbour?

A

Will be turned into a fresh water reservoir

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19
Q

What are the 4 taps in Singapore?

A

Imported water
Recycled water
Desalinated water
Catchment water

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20
Q

How much of Singapore’s water is imported from Malaysia?

A

1/2

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21
Q

How much is desalinated water part of Singapore’s usage?

A

10% of needs mostly industry as people prefer taste of other options

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22
Q

How much pure water do they get from sea water in Singapore?

A

40% pure water
60% pure brine

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23
Q

How much rain does Singapore get a year? (cm)

A

250cm

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24
Q

What type of rain does Singapore receive?

A

Monsoon

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25
Q

Where are Singapore building a dam?

A

In the Singapore river
Will take 2 years to flush out all seawater and create a freshwater store
Will be sued for drinking and recreational activities

26
Q

What hard engineering adaptation are they doing in china?

A

Water transfers and mega dams

27
Q

What is the name of the transfers scheme in china?

A

South to north

28
Q

Why is water being transferred from the south to the north of china?

A

80% of water is in the south

29
Q

How much water does Beijing receive per person per year?

A

100 cubic meters (water scarcity)

30
Q

What % of river water have poor water quality? (China)

A

60%

31
Q

How much has the water dropped under Beijing?

A

300m

32
Q

How much freshwater can the water transfer scheme move per year?

A

25 billion m*3

33
Q

what river will water be transferred form in china?

A

Yangtze from two routes east and central

34
Q

How far will the china water scheme canals be?

A

Cover 1000km in distance

35
Q

What are the economic concerns with the south to north water transfers scheme?

A

Very expensive- US$ 80 billion
High maintenance and water costs
Too expensive for farmers so continue to exploit ground water

36
Q

What are the social concerns of the south north transfer scheme?

A

300,000 people displaced during construction of central route
As level of Danjiangkous reservoir raised by 13m

37
Q

What are the environmental concerns of the south north water transfer scheme?

A

Transfer of water doesn’t address underlying causes of water shortages in north: pollution, inefficient agriculture, industrial and urban use.
Diversion reduces flow that may affect downstream river ecosystems

38
Q

What will a question about water supply want to know about? (In exam)

A

Water management

39
Q

What should the motto be for water management in agriculture?

A

More crop per drop

40
Q

What type of irrigation is worse and why?

A

Surface flood irrigation
Subject to evaporation
Do not target areas that need the most water
All areas of plant receive the same amount of water

41
Q

What is hydroponics?

A

Producing food only using water

42
Q

Why are hydroponics beneficial?

A

Crops grown inside in controlled conditions so evaporation is limited and transpiration vapour collected and used

43
Q

What is an example of hydroponics in the uk?

A

Thanet earth- largest greenhouse complex in the uk

44
Q

Where is Thanet earth?

A

Isle of Thanet, Kent

45
Q

How big is Thanet earth?

A

90 hectares

46
Q

How many greenhouses are at Thanet earth and how big are they?

A

7 greenhouses the size of 10 football fields each

47
Q

Expected weekly yield from Thanet earth?

A

2.5 million tomatoes
0.5 million peppers
0.75 million cucumbers

48
Q

What % of salad crop production for the UK comes form Thanet earth?

A

15%

49
Q

What % water does Thanet earth use compared o traditional irrigation?

A

6%

50
Q

When was the first harvest form Thanet earth?

A

In 2009

51
Q

What is Singapore sky green?

A

Worlds first commercial vertical farm using hydroponics

52
Q

When did Singapore sky green open?

A

2012

53
Q

Why do they use vertical farming in Singapore?

A

As there is little space

54
Q

What is a cheaper option compared to hydroponics?

A

Fog traps

55
Q

Where are fog traps used?

A

Atacama desert Chile

56
Q

How do fog traps work?

A

Put nets on hill side as the moisture form the ocean is blown out to sea it is caught on nets which turn the mist into water droplets
This goes downhill through many filters before reaching the crop

57
Q

What crop is currently grown using fog traps?

A

Aloe Vera

58
Q

What is a Smart irrigation system comprised of?

A

Its own server
Rain monitors which automatically adjust irrigation based on real time weather data

59
Q

How efficient are modern drip irrigation systems?

A

80-90% water efficient
So only waste a max of 20%

60
Q

How water efficient is open irrigation?

A

40–50%
So maximum of 60% of water is lost

61
Q

What would it mean if something is 100% efficient?

A

There is no waste

Geography (103 decks)

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