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geography > Spheres of Influence > Flashcards

Spheres of Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a sphere of influence?

A

a physical region over which a country considers it has economic, military, cultural or political rights

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2
Q

Over what area can spheres of influence extend?

A

beyond the borders of the country and represent a region where the country believes it has a right to influence

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3
Q

What is a modern day example of spheres of influence in practice?

A

Russia considers many Russian speaking countries as its sphere of influence

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4
Q

Where do nations that were once a part of the USSR now look for trade deals?

A

EU
NATO

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5
Q

Why does Russia not like its bordering nations joining NATO?

A

they believe the region should stay under Russian influence

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6
Q

What territories are currently held by Russian soldiers?

A

Crimea (held before Russia Ukraine conflict)
Donbas
Transnistria

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7
Q

What did Russia do in response to Ukraine moving to try join EU/NATO?

A

Annexed Ukraine region of Crimea

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8
Q

In the Crimean referendum how many voted to stay in Russia?

A

95.5% although vote has been confirmed to be falsified

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9
Q

What was the result on Russia after the annexation?

A

G8 voted out Russia creating G7

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10
Q

Why was the annexation so uncontested?

A

Ukrainian president was ousted and replaced with a pro Russian president who asked for Russia assistance with violent protests

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11
Q

Why haven’t Finland joined NATO?

A

Worried about how Russia would react however they have now applied

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12
Q

What would Russia control if they captured Caucasus region?

A

Gives Russia control of alternative gas pipe route in Europe(so could starve Europe of gas)

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13
Q

What does the Crimean peninsula give Russia access to?

A

Black sea and Mediterranean for its navy

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14
Q

What is the negative environmental impact of explosions?

A

leave toxic substances that can cause cancer

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15
Q

What were the 2 sides of the Vietnam war?

A

North Vietnam, soviet union and China
South Vietnam, united states, New Zealand and south Korea

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16
Q

What happened in Vietnam between 1965 and 1968? (Bombing)

A

North Vietnam bombed under operation rolling thunder

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17
Q

What was the aim of operation rolling thunder?

A

force enemy negotiations

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18
Q

What was the result of operation rolling thunder on the environment?

A

Bombs destroyed over 2 million acres of land

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19
Q

Why was a massive herbicidal programme carried out in Vietnam?

A

to break the forest cover sheltering Viet Cong guerrillas and deprive Vietnamese peasants of food

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20
Q

How much destruction occurred due to herbicide spraying? (Vietnam)

A

14% of Vietnams forests, diminished agricultural yield and made seed unfit for replanting

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21
Q

What would happen if herbicide didn’t damage agricultural yield?(Vietnam war)

A

lost by military on ground that set fire to haystacks and soaked land with aviation fuel and burned it

22
Q

In total how much land was destroyed in the Vietnam war?

A

15,000 square kilometres

23
Q

Why were livestock shot in the Vietnam war?

A

deprive peasants of of their entire food supply

24
Q

In total how many livestock were killed during the VI
Vietnam war?

A

13,000

25
Q

How many millions of litres of chemical spray was used in the Vietnam war?

A

72

26
Q

What were the general impacts of spraying chemicals in Vietnam?

A

death of many animals
Health effects with humans

27
Q

What was the most damaging chemical used in the Vietnam war between 1962 and 1971?

A

Agent orange

28
Q

What was the main part of agent orange?

A

Dioxin which remained present in soil during and after the war

29
Q

What are the 2 main problems with Dioxins?

A

carcinogenic (cause cancer)
Teratogenic (birth defects)

30
Q

What health problems arise form Dioxins?

A

Spontaneous abortions
Chloracne
Skin and lung cancers
Lower intelligence and emotional problems in children

31
Q

What did children born to fathers exposed to agent orange experience?

A

Congenital abnormalities (body structure or function)

32
Q

How many children were born with dioxin-related abnormalities?

A

500,000

33
Q

What happened to Kuwait in 1991?

A

devastating damage to oil industry
Iraqi forces destroyed more than 700 oil wells spilling 60 million barrels

34
Q

How many cubic metres of soil were contaminated after the attacks on the Kuwait oil wells?

A

2 million as late as 1998

35
Q

How was Kuwait’s water supply affected by the oil spills?

A

Major ground water aquifer 2/5 of Kuwait’s entire freshwater reserve remains contaminated to this day

36
Q

How many millions of barrels of oil were released into the Gulf?

A

10

37
Q

How much of the coastline was affected by the oil in the Gulf?

A

1500km

38
Q

How much did the oil clean up in the gulf cost?

A

$700 million

39
Q

Why were temperatures reduced in the gulf?

A

Fell by 10*c when the wells were burned due to reduced light from the sun

40
Q

What were the costs of the environmental damages in the gulf estimate to be?

A

$40 billion

41
Q

How many were estimate to die in the gulf as a result of air pollution?

A

about 1000

42
Q

What other environmental effects were there in the 1991 gulf war?

A

Destruction of the sewage plants in Kuwait

43
Q

What were the effects of the destruciton of the sewage works in Kuwait?

A

the discharge of over 50,000 cubic metres of raw sewage every day into Kuwait bay

44
Q

How many villages were destroyed in the Afganistan war?

A

10,000 along with the surrounding environment was destroyed

45
Q

Why did safe drinking water decline in Afganistan during the war?

A

as destruction of water infrastructure and resulting leaks, bacterial contamination and water theft
Rivers and groundwater were contaminated by poorly constructed landfills located near the sources

46
Q

What was Afghanistan’s landscape like before the war?

A

Major forests watered by monsoon

47
Q

What led to much of the destruction of forests in Afghanistan?

A

During the war, the Taliban members illegally traded timber in Pakistan
US bombings
Refugees in need of firewood

48
Q

How much of the forests of Afghanistan remain?

A

Less than 2%

49
Q

What important global wildlife factor was affected by the Afgan war?

A

World migratory through fare

50
Q

How much have the birds migrated through Afghanistan dropped?

A

85%

51
Q

What problems did leopards face in the Afgan war?

A

Found shelter from bombings but mountainous habitat applied as a refuge for military forces
Refugees capture leopards and other large animals and trade them for safe passage across the border

geography (103 decks)

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