Energy Security Flashcards
What is consumption of energy per capita often directly related to?
Level of economic development - increased wealth drives demand for consumer goods that use energy
What are the surprising countries on the map for energy use per capita in 2013?
Iceland and Oman highest
China relatively low
Why do Iceland and Oman have such high energy usage per capita?
Iceland- cold and dark (light and heat), very cheap as naturally produced (geothermal), don’t worry about price so use more
Oman- where oil is extracted so cheap due to abundance and government not wanting to overcharge population
Why is China so low on map for energy per capita in 2013?
High population so greater spread of data
Not high car usage/ ownership
Many still agrarian
What is GDP per unit of energy use?
Measure of the energy’s efficiency of a nations economy
What does a high efficiency of GDP per unit of energy mean?
High conversion of energy to GDP
Tertiary and quaternary industry
What does a low efficiency of GDP per unit energy use suggest?
Primary and secondary
Low conversions of energy into GDP
Why does China have a low GDP per unit of energy?
Machines and factories that require lots of energy to produce cheap goods
What 2 types of energy subdivision are there?
Primary
Secondary
What is primary energy?
Energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any human conversion process
What is secondary energy?
All energy obtained from transforming primary energy
What are some examples of secondary energy?
Petrol
Hydrogen
Electricity
What 2 categories can primary energy be split into?
Non-renewable
Renewable
What non-renewable energy sources are there?
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
What 2 ways can renewables be split?
Exhaustible
Inexhaustible
What is exhaustible renewable energy?
Although it can be replenished if done so too quickly or intensively we will run out
What are some exhaustible renewables?
Biofuel
Biodiesel
What are examples of inexhaustible renewables?
HEP
Solar
Tidal
Wind
Geothermal
What will a country with a higher GDP per unit of energy be like?
Highly economically productive
Mild temperate weather
Demographic of working closer to home
Fuel efficient vehicles
Support carpools
Mass transportation, walk or cycle
UK or Spain
What will a country with a lower energy efficiency be like?
Economically unproductive
Extreme weather conditions requiring heating or cooling
Extensive use of generally poor fuel economy vehicles
Canada
What is energy security?
Uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price
What are the factors of energy security?
Affordable and competitively priced energy supply
Accessible and available supply
Energy mix dependant on domestic rather than imported energy sources
Reliable and uninterrupted energy supply
What does affordable and competitively priced energy supply mean?
Can population afford the energy (UK problem)
What does it mean if energy is interrupted?
Electricity off for set times
Uncertain if you will have power
What does accessible and available energy supply mean?
Do people struggle to get access to fuel
What does reliable and uninterrupted energy mean?
No blackouts or need for generators for power
What does energy mix dependant on domestic instead of imported mean?
Good as create own if not it’s dangerous- not safe position if conflict (Ukraine and Russia - uk got 5% oil from Russia)
Why are the UK friendly with Saudi Arabia when they really shouldn’t be?
Provide UK with 90% of OIL which UK couldn’t function without
What changes have occurred to global energy mix over time?
Increased reliance of fossil fuels
1940= 75 exajoules
2004= 500 exajoules
What is the problem with analysing pie charts?
Although segments may change in size it doesn’t man its decreased just that its proportion of whole use has reduced
What is the majority of fuel in Germany?
Oil around 30%
Lignite cheap coal which allows them to still produce cars and be competitive
What is the energy mix of the USA?
Mainly fossil fuels
Oil- car heavy, cheaper due to less tax, own source from Alaska
What is the energy mix of China?
Predominately coal
Mining high supply
Very cheap allows to make cheap goods
HEP relatively high 5% of energy from 3 gorges dam
What are the benefits of IGCC?
Cleaner carbon captured coal
Carbon stored underground
What is the projected change in USA energy mix?
In 2035 overall cleaner with more natural gas and renewables
What is an energy pathway?
way energy moves from point of production to consumer
What are some examples of energy pathways?
Coal=mined, truck, ship
Electricity= national grid (powerlines/ wires)
Oil= Shipped or piped
Gas= piped
What is the problem with energy pathways?
can be broken and this can lead to problems (worst= energy gap)
What ways can an energy pathway be broken?
Pipelines broken (natural hazard or intentionally)
Ships hijacked
What is energy gap?
when a nation has a higher demand for energy than it can supply
How can energy gap affect a nations economy?
Can cause price rises
Becomes expensive so only basics can be afforded but no luxury items
Economic shrink (no money to spend)
Businesses which require energy can go out of businesses
What reasons might a country have a high energy demand?
More people
Increase in development
How does more people on the planet increase energy demand?
More people to use appliances which use energy
Population set to hit 11 billion (will need energy at some part of life)
How can an increase in development increase energy demand?
As nations develop they require the use of more energy to power: cars, home and tech
Most use fossil fuels
Increased personal wealth that can be used by NICs to ‘live like an American’
How many new cars hit the road in China in 2018?
2 million bringing total to 20 million
How many in every 1000 Chinese own a car?
8
What would happen if car ownership of China matched USA?
US- 135 million cars for 270million population
China- 650 million cars
What are energy players? (definition)
People who have an interest/are involved in energy in some way
What are the energy players? (examples)
TNCs
Organisation of the petroleum exporting countries (OPEC)
Energy companies
Consumers
Governments
What are some examples of TNC players in energy business?
BP
Shell
Gazprom (state owned)
What are some examples of energy company players in energy business?
British gas
N power
Shell
What is the role of the TNC in the world of energy?
Usually fully or partially state owned (government controlled)
Strictly speaking not TNCs
Involved in many operations (exploring, extracting, transporting, refining and produciton)
What does OPEC stand for?
Organisation of the petroleum exploiting countries
What is the role of the OPEC in the world of energy?
12 member countries who own 2/3 of global oil reserve
Control oil and gas entering the market (as well as their price)
Accused of holding back production to increase price
What is the role of the energy companies in the world of energy?
Companies that convert primary energy (oil, gas, water and nuclear) and distribute it
Gas and electric distribution
Significant on price and tariff for consumers
What is the role of the consumer in the world of energy?
most influential are transport, industry and domestic users
Largely passive when it comes to fixing energy prices
What is the role of the governments in the world of energy?
many roles
guardians of national energy security
Influence sourcing of energy for geopolitical reasons
When does energy security increase?
When dependence on imported energy sources decreases
What ways can energy security be affected?
Physical factors
Environmental
Economic
Geopolitical
What ways can energy security be affected by physical factors?
exhaustion of supply or disruption to supply due to natural hazards
What ways can energy security be affected by social-environmental factors?
protests about environmental damage
What ways can energy security be affected by economic factors?
rises in costs due to supply problems or price hikes
What ways can energy security be affected by geopolitical factors?
conflict or political instability within producer countries
Which 12 countries have the largest oil reserves?
Saudi Arabia
Canada
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Venezuela
United Arab emirates
Russia
Libya
Nigeria
Kazakhstan
United states
How much of the global oil reserve is held by the top 12 countries?
90%
Based on current rates of production how many years will oil reserves last?
47 years based on calculation thought maybe 200
Why is it unlikely that oil reserves will be depleted in 47 years?
More sustainable resources
More could be discovered
More efficient transport
Higher demand due to increasing population
Who are the top 10 most energy consuming countries? (total energy)
China
USA
India
Russia
Japan
Germany
Brazil
South Korea
Canada
France
What are the general factors for why the USA energy mix is different from France’s?
Population size
Climate
Technology and environmental priorities
Why will population affect energy usage difference between USA and France?
USA population= 318.9 million
France= 64.6 million
USA has more people to use energy
Why does climate cause a change in energy usage in the USA and France?
Quite large areas of US experience great extremes of heat and cold lots of energy needed to counteract this
While France is quite temperate with few extremes
How much of the USA’s energy mix is carbon fuels?
82%
How much of Frances energy supply is imported?
46%
How does public perception in the US affect their energy usage?
Don’t have favourable views on climate change (not stressed due to government influence - trump)
Don’t live moderate lifestyle everything is big (houses, cars and fast-food)
Drive most places
High energy usage
How does Frances perception and lifestyle affect its energy usage?
Knowledge of climate change and its effect
Terraces and flats , smaller cars
More moderate lifestyle
France uses efficiency technology to be less environmentally damaging (part of EU with tight restrictions)
What is IGCC?
Integrated gasification combined cycle
high pressure gasifier to turn coal and other carbon based fuels into pressurized gas
