Migration theories

Question 1

What are some examples of motives for migration?

Answer 1

Economic motives
Family motives
Educational motives (University)
Lifestyle (retirement migration)
Environmental motives (climate change, volcanoes)
Conflict/war

Question 2

What is a neoclassical economy?

Answer 2

Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics in which the production, consumption, and valuation of goods and services are observed as driven by the supply and demand model

Question 3

What are the neoclassical economic theories?

Answer 3

Migration decisions based on cost benefit analysis by individual people who make a rational choice
Migration is self-correcting, creating new equilibrium where migration no longer occurs because wage rates equalise

Question 4

What are push factors? (not examples)

Answer 4

operate form a place of origin
Encourages a migrant to leave

Question 5

What are some examples of push factors?

Answer 5

Poverty
Unemployment
Political repression

Question 6

What are pull factors? (not examples)

Answer 6

Operate from place of destination
Anything that encourages a migrant to move to a place

Question 7

What are some examples of pull factors?

Answer 7

Bright light syndrome
Better income
Better jobs
Political freedom
Educational opportunities

Question 8

What does NELM stand for?

Answer 8

New economies of labour migration

Question 9

What is an example of NELM?

Answer 9

Migration decisions are made collective by the household not the individual
Rational decision making

Question 10

How does rational decision making form part of NELM?

Answer 10

not just about income maximisation but also income diversification to reduce risk and increase community resilience

Question 11

What is resilience?

Answer 11

ability of people, a community, a place, or a system to withstand, absorb or overcome a disturbance so impacts are minimised

Question 12

What risks are faced by people in developing countries that makes the migration of some family members a sensible precaution?

Answer 12

Crop failure due to drought or hurricane or sudden unemployment

Question 13

What is dependency school?

Answer 13

dual labour market theory (Piore, 1979)

Question 14

What is a primary labour market?

Answer 14

secure, high skill, high wage jobs
Corporate management, legal services, financial services

Question 15

What is a secondary labour market?

Answer 15

Insecure, low-skill, low-wage and unpleasant jobs
Factory work and low level service sector jobs

Question 16

Who mainly works in primary labour markets?

Answer 16

Indigenous workers

Question 17

What are some examples of secondary labour markets?

Answer 17

Restaurants and hotels work, cleaning offices & houses, taking care of children and elderly

Question 18

Who mainly fills the secondary labour market?

Answer 18

“underclass” of migrant workers

Question 19

What does the presence of migrants workers in the secondary labour market lead to?

Answer 19

Jobs become stereotyped, reinforcing the undesirability of the jobs for local labour force

Question 20

Why do foreign workers accept poor conditions and low pay?

Answer 20

Lack bargaining power- especially is they are irregular migrants
Better then poverty and unemployment in home country

Question 21

What is the importance of dependency school and dual labour markets for core regions?

Answer 21

Immigration and exploitation of low waged workers from peripheral regions
Essential for continued growth and development of world cities in core regions

Question 22

What does migration maintain between peripheral and core regions?

Answer 22

Inequality

Question 23

How does social media encourage migration?

Answer 23

Allows migrants to see the life of those in core regions
Reduces the effect of barriers to movement (leaving family)

Question 24

What are migration networks?

Answer 24

sets of interpersonal tries that connect migrants, non-migrants and former migrants in webs of kinship, friendship and shared origin

Question 25

Where do migration social networks form?

Answer 25

Transnational communities

Question 26

What do social networks encourage? (migration)

Answer 26

movement to certain locations because they provide information which lowers the cost and risks of migration

Question 27

What information do migrants networks provide potential migrants?

Answer 27

how to overcome intervening obstacles (leaving family)
potential destination

Question 28

What ways can contacts from migrant networks help potential migrants?

Answer 28

finding accommodation
Finding a job
Financial assistance

Question 29

Who created the modernisation school/ mobility transition model?

Answer 29

Wilbur Zelinsky 1971

Question 30

How many stages are there on the mobility transition model?

Answer 30

5

Question 31

What are the stages of the mobility transition model?

Answer 31

stage1- pre-modern
stage 2- Early traditional society
stage 3- Late transition
stage 4- Advanced society
stage 5- Future super-advanced society

Question 32

What is the pre-modern stage of the mobility transition model?

Answer 32

Ancient society, slow growth movement to cities

Question 33

What is the early transition stage of the mobility transition model?

Answer 33

Massive movement to cities

Question 34

What is the late transition stage of the mobility transition model?

Answer 34

Massive but slackened movement to cities

Question 35

What is the Advanced society stage of the mobility transition model?

Answer 35

cities have grown and more have appeared
Movement to cities levelling off

Question 36

What is the Future super-advanced society stage of the mobility transition model?

Answer 36

Countryside mostly gone movement inter-city now

Question 37

What are the criticisms of modernisation school ideas?

Answer 37

Based on historical experience of Europe
Assumes: modern= good/desirable, Traditional= bad/ undesirable

Question 38

What is Lees migration model?

Answer 38

model that accounts for push/pull factors and intervening obstacles in order to predict migration patterns.

Question 39

What is the idea with the Lees model and migration?

Answer 39

It advocates the idea that intervening obstacles can block migration to certain areas, while push and pull factors can promote migration out of an old area to a new one