Mitigation And Adaptation Flashcards
What is mitigation
Actions and interventions a community may take to reduce vulnerability in advance of a tectonic hazard
What is adaptation?
Ways in which a community may be able to live with a tectonic hazard- making adjustments to help a community survive by reducing risk.
How can you modify the loss?
Aid is vital for poor people
Insurance (more useful for people in richer areas)
How can you modify vulnerability?
Prediction and warning
Community preparedness
Education to change behaviour and prevent hazards from becoming a disaster
What is modify the event? (examples)
Environment control
Hazard aviodance by land use zoning
Hazard resistant design
Engineering defences ( useful for coastal tsunami risk
Retero fitting homes
What is modify the cause?
Environmental control
Hazard prevention
Whatis the swiss cheese model of accident causation?
Model used in risk anaylsis and risk management.
Diaster management is like multiple cheese slices in which the risk of a natural hazrad becoming disasterous is mitigated by different approaches to management with the holes being weaknesses
What does modfiying the cause mean?
Seeking a way a hazardous event can be changed or prevented
Thought faults could be lubricated and volcanoes depressed
Modifying the event: mitigation
We can create resistant buildings
The claim is that they don’t collapse
Theyvare still a success if the are partially damged
But no one dies due to building collapse
Name examples of resistant buildings
Tapei 101
Burj khalifa
Trans American pyramid
How can volcanic eruptions be modified
Using lava diversion barriers Mt Etna
Spraying sea water on lava to cool it Heimeay
Draining crater lakes to reduce lahar risk Mt Pinatubo
Why might lava flow or diversion be unsuccessful
Terrain has to be moveable
May not want to interfere with volcano seen as a goddess - take its course
Poorly designed
What is special about Taipei 101
Steel pendulum weighing 660 tons acts as dampner
Suspended between 92nd and 88th floor
Sways opposite to buildings sway decreases swaying
What is special about the tokyo sky tree
Flexible core pillar sways if there is an earthquake
Shock absorbing dampners to stoo pillar damaging steel cage
What building is Taipei 101 based off
Chinese pagota
What js base isolation
Floating a building above its foundation on a system of bearings, springs ot padded cylinders
Rubber bearings
Allows building to rock back and forth without to much deformation or damage
Why are steel frames used
Cross bracing helps building withstand the pressure exerted by earthquakes minimising damage to structure Prevents pancaking
What is retro fitting
Older buildings are made more resistant
I.e. new zealand
How to they hazard proof buildings in pakistan
Light walls and gables affected by smaller forces less likely to fall
Built of straw, conpressed baild held by nylon prevente collapse
How are buildings hazard proof in haiti
Light roofs more resilient sheet metal over concrete
Small windows fewers weak spots
Main problem was wass weren’t properly reinforced
Hiw are buildings made hazard proof in peru
Reinforced walls bamboo
Plastic mesh to prevent collapse
What do houses built bear volcanoes have
Sloped roofs to prevent the build up and therefore collapse
What is done in tsunami zones
Usually elevated
if not possible ususally protected by tsunami wall
Why are mangrove important
Act as excellant natural tsunami barrier
How are tsunamis predicted?
Network of sensors detect change in depth and wave pattern network of communication software sends a signak to communties
Why are insurance conpanies important
Wider hazard protection
Account for and financial losses for infrastructure damage or lack of income
Why are seismologists important
Work with conputer risk anaylsis to help insurers calculate their premiums
What is siesmicity
How frequently earthquakes seem to affect a location
What is seismic hazard
Probability of a quake occurring in a geographic area
What is seismic risk
probability that a subject site will be adversely affected by any seismic hazard, such as an earthquake
Why has cost of tectonic hazards increased
As more development people have more too lose
