The Hydrological Cycle Influences Water Budgets And River Systems At A Local Scale Flashcards

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1
Q

What are water budgets?

A

Show the annual balance between the inputs (precipitation) and the outputs (evapotranspiration)

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2
Q

What is the equation for precipitation?

A

Runoff + evapotranspiration + or - storage

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3
Q

What is green water?

A

Water evaporated from the soil or transpired from plants as water vapour

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4
Q

What is blue water?

A

Water in liquid form in rivers, lakes and groundwater

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5
Q

What parts of the water budget equation are blue or green water?

A

Run-off and storage are BLUE WATER

Evapotranspiration is GREEN WATER

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6
Q

What happens to water balance throughout a year?

A

It will change as it is affected by overall climate of the area near to the river/catchment

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7
Q

What is positive water balance?

A

When precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration

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8
Q

What is negative water balance?

A

When evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation (can lead to drought)

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9
Q

What are the worlds climate zones?

A

Tropical zone
Temperate zone
Polar region

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10
Q

What areas of the globe have a positive or negative water balance?

A

Polar regions have a positive as do the temperate areas close to the poles
Central temperate zone has a negative water balance
The tropical zone has a positive water balance

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11
Q

What is soil moisture recharge?

A

When precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration the pores in the soil are refilled with water

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12
Q

What is soil moisture surplus?

A

When the soil becomes saturated exceeds water will have difficulty infiltrating into the ground

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13
Q

What happens when water cannot infiltrate the soil?

A

It will run over the surface as overland flow

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14
Q

What is soil moisture utilisation?

A

When evapotranspiration is greater than precipitation there is a reduction in the amount of water stored with the soil

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15
Q

What is soil moisture deficit?

A

Eventually all the available water stored in the soil will have been used up

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16
Q

Why is water thought to be renewable?

A

As its constantly recycled each year

17
Q

What can make water a non-renewable resource?

A

When humans release water from a store with a long residence time

18
Q

What a re the residence time of some water stores?

A
Biosphere water 1 week 
Atmospheric water 1.5 weeks 
River channels 2 weeks 
Swamps 1-10 years 
Lakes and reservoirs 10 years 
Soil moisture 2 weeks - 1 year 
Oceans and seas 4,000 years 
Ground water 2 weeks - 10,000 years 
Ice caps, glaciers and permafrost 1000 - 10,000 years
19
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A water bearing permeable rock

20
Q

What is recharge rate?

A

Rate aquifer is refilled be precipitation

21
Q

What is fossil water?

A

Ancient (>1000yrs residence time) deep groundwater from earlier water times

22
Q

What is an example of a aquifer we studied?

A

The Ogallala aquifer

23
Q

What is the Ogallala aquifer recharge by?

A

Exclusively rainwater and snowmelt

24
Q

What is the recharge rate of the Ogallala aquifer?

A

Minimal due to the semi-arid climate of the high plains

3 inches annually

25
Q

Where is the Ogallala aquifer located?

A

In the USA under parts of Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming