Economic Migration Flashcards by Andrew Jeavons

What is urbanisation?

An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas

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What is rural-urban migration?

The movement of people from countryside to city areas

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What is urban sprawl?

Rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns often characterised by low density residential housing, single sue zoning, and increased reliance on private vehicles

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What is hyper-urbanisation?

Very rapid increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas often coupled with mass infrastructure expansion and the creation or so called mega cities

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What is a megacity?

A city that has a population over 10 million people

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What causes the rapid growth of megacities?

Rural to urban migration

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What is a push factor?

Something about a persons home life/current location that makes them want to leave

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What are some examples of push factors?

Few services
Lack of job opportunities
Unhappy life
Poor transport links
Natural disasters
Wars
Shortage of food

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What is a pull factor?

Can often be (but not always) the opposite of the push factor which caused a person to leave their home

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What are some examples of pull factors?

Access to services
Better job opportunities
More entertainment facilities
Better transport links
Improved living conditions
Hope for a better way of life
Family links

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What does fast population growth in rural areas result in?

Underemployment (depressed wages)
Scarcity of goods
Loss or degradation of farmland

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What can cause/ accelerate the loss of farmland (economic migration)?

Development
Pollution
Land grabs
Conflict

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What has meant there are fewer obstacles to movement?

Growth of mass transport
Improved communications

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How does productivity affect quality of life?

High productivity means higher wages, more tax, more investment in area improving QOL

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What provisions do cities have? (compared to rural)

Better provisions in terms of healthcare and education services

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What creates a greater rate of migration?

A bigger perceived contrast in opportunities between rural and urban areas

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What is Lee’s migration model?

A model that accounts for push and pull factors and the intervening obstacles in order to predict migration patterns

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What does Lee’s migration model advocate?

That intervening obstacles can block migration to certain areas, while push and pull factors can promote migration from a old to a new area

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What are some examples of intervening obstacles on the Lee model?

Literacy
Lack of capital
Military service
Bureaucracy
Religion
Political differences
Misinformation
Family pressures
National policy
Language
travel costs
Immediate job opportunities

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What did Ravenstein suggest?

Migrants are only inclined to move short distances (DISTANCE DECAY) and those migrating longer distances are likely to be heading towards a larger city ( GRAVITY MODEL).

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Where are megacities common?

Newly emerging economies and are becoming more common in Low income countries

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What is natural increase?

Difference between a country’s birth rate and death rate

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Why might natural increase be high in countries with high rates of urbanisation?

May be because many migrants are young adults- women of childbearing age

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What is the result of half the worlds population being below 25 years of age?

All of these people have the opportunity to have children meaning that natural increase will continue to increase

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What has the UN predicted Asia’s urban population will be by 2030?

Will rise form 1.4 billion to 2.6 billion

How much has the UN predicted Africa’s urban population will rise to by 2030?

From 300 million to 750 million

How much has the UN predicted that Latin America and the Caribbean’s urban population will rise by 2030?

Form 400 million to 600 million

what must happen for someone to benefit from moving to a megacity?

Only benefit if their productivity gains exceed the cost of living

What problems arise from a rapidly growing megacity?

Congestion infrastructure hasn’t caught up Informal housing Informal work High crime Poor services Lack of proper policing Increased pop density greater risk of loss form natural disaster

where is white horse village?

west china

what is the problem facing white horse village?

Urbanisation

what is the main source of income/ work in white horse village?

Agriculture

what is the saying in white horse village?

back to the sky face to the ground

why are the locals against the development in Whitehorse village?

as their homes and land are being taken away and they are being relocated to densely packed temporary housing

why do many people leave Whitehorse village?

they leave to get jobs in the city where they can earn a higher income and provide more money for their family

How will tradition be affected by the development of Whitehorse village?

the graves of peoples ancestors will have to be removed

How will tradition be affected by the development of Whitehorse village?

the graves of peoples ancestors will have to be removed

how will the people of Whitehorse village suffer after the development of their area?

they wont have the necessary skills to adapt to the new work sectors so will struggle to find a job

how ill the development of white horse village affect the rest of china?

china has a growing population so a greater reliance on food to feed the population by developing on productive farmland they are reducing their food production and food security

why was white horse village hard to access in the past?

you had to travel u river on small boats

How will white horse village be made easier to access?

highways/ motorways are going to be built

what sector will dramatically increase in the white horse village area?

real estate as people will want to move in the up and coming area

Where is Karachi located?

Pakistan

What is Karachi defined by?

Migration

How has migration affected Karachi?

Millions of urdu-speaking Indian Muslims arrived in 1947 Many people arrived after the invasion of Afghanistan and 9/11

How are neighbourhoods divided in Karachi?

Along ethnic lines

How many people currently live in Karachi?

15 million people

What types of crime are prevalent in Karachi?

Street violence and turf wars for land and power

What is frustrating the citizens of Karachi?

The failure of the local government and law enforcement to protect them

Is there informal housing settlements in Karachi?

Yes

What happened to Karachi after failing to respond to globalisation?

Inflation Recession Unemployment

What is the economy like in Karachi?

First world economy in a third world country

What areas have been privatised in Karachi?

Education Healthcare Urban services

Why is homelessness prevalent in Karachi?

There have been no new housing or development schemes

What is occurring in the inner city slums of Karachi?

Densification

What is the difference between the high and low waged people in Karachi?

Big gap formed

Where are many of the wealthy people in Karachi moving to?

Gated communities

Where is Mumbai located?

India

What have local government and law enforcement failed to do in Mumbai?

Failed to protect the city from murderous violence and bombings

What is the geographical area like in Mumbai?

Occupies a long narrow peninsula Next to Arabian Sea On the west coast of India

How much has the population in Mumbai increased by over the last century?

By nearly 12 times

What % of people in the slums of Mumbai don’t have access to water?

49%

What is the current population in Mumbai?

21 million people

What is a global hub?

A highly globally connected city

What are some other names for global hubs?

Smart cities World cities

What are some examples of global hubs?

London New York Mumbai Beijing Tokyo Dubai São Paulo

What are characteristic of most global hubs?

Strong infrastructure Large number of TNC’s A range of jobs in the tertiary and quaternary sector

What make global hubs influential?

Contain a large population Highly skilled workforce Range of TNC’s

How are global hubs recognised?

How influential they are

What is New York’s niche?

Financial- home to Wall Street, major accountancy & legal firms as well as HQ for TNC’s

What is Londons niche?

Business- where much of Europe’s TNC HQ are based

What is Dubai’s niche?

Financial & resource rich - home to 8% of global oil reserves and the main regional base for many TNC’s in the Middle East

What is the niche of Paris?

Culture- major global culture hub with HQ of multi-million fashion chains

What is the niche in Beijing?

Trade- major manufacturing hub with 1000’s of the worlds TNC’s and 40% of Asia’s investment

What is the niche in Washington?

Political- home to IMF, World Bank, pentagon

What is the niche in Mumbai?

Service- home of many of the largest telecommunications HQ, cultural home of Asia

What is the niche in São Paulo?

Innovation- centre for innovation and quaternary design and technology

What is the niche in Tokyo?

Employment- high % of residents employed in the services sector and information sector

What is the niche in Los Angeles?

Regional- home to financial HQ, a stock exchange, major financial institutions, HQ’s of several TNC’s

What are other names for elite migration

Millionaire migration or Oligarch migration

What is an elite migrant

Minority population group with some combination of high levels of wealth, social status, Political influence, cultural influence

What are some examples of elite migrants

Footballers, politicians, High skilled professionals, academics, musicians actors and writers and financial sector workers and entrepreneurs

What percentage of the UAE’s population is migrants

90%