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Geography > Economic Migration > Flashcards

Economic Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas

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2
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

The movement of people from countryside to city areas

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3
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

Rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns often characterised by low density residential housing, single sue zoning, and increased reliance on private vehicles

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4
Q

What is hyper-urbanisation?

A

Very rapid increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas often coupled with mass infrastructure expansion and the creation or so called mega cities

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5
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city that has a population over 10 million people

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6
Q

What causes the rapid growth of megacities?

A

Rural to urban migration

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7
Q

What is a push factor?

A

Something about a persons home life/current location that makes them want to leave

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8
Q

What are some examples of push factors?

A

Few services
Lack of job opportunities
Unhappy life
Poor transport links
Natural disasters
Wars
Shortage of food

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9
Q

What is a pull factor?

A

Can often be (but not always) the opposite of the push factor which caused a person to leave their home

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10
Q

What are some examples of pull factors?

A

Access to services
Better job opportunities
More entertainment facilities
Better transport links
Improved living conditions
Hope for a better way of life
Family links

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11
Q

What does fast population growth in rural areas result in?

A

Underemployment (depressed wages)
Scarcity of goods
Loss or degradation of farmland

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12
Q

What can cause/ accelerate the loss of farmland (economic migration)?

A

Development
Pollution
Land grabs
Conflict

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13
Q

What has meant there are fewer obstacles to movement?

A

Growth of mass transport
Improved communications

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14
Q

How does productivity affect quality of life?

A

High productivity means higher wages, more tax, more investment in area improving QOL

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15
Q

What provisions do cities have? (compared to rural)

A

Better provisions in terms of healthcare and education services

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16
Q

What creates a greater rate of migration?

A

A bigger perceived contrast in opportunities between rural and urban areas

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17
Q

What is Lee’s migration model?

A

A model that accounts for push and pull factors and the intervening obstacles in order to predict migration patterns

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18
Q

What does Lee’s migration model advocate?

A

That intervening obstacles can block migration to certain areas, while push and pull factors can promote migration from a old to a new area

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19
Q

What are some examples of intervening obstacles on the Lee model?

A

Literacy
Lack of capital
Military service
Bureaucracy
Religion
Political differences
Misinformation
Family pressures
National policy
Language
travel costs
Immediate job opportunities

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20
Q

What did Ravenstein suggest?

A

Migrants are only inclined to move short distances (DISTANCE DECAY) and those migrating longer distances are likely to be heading towards a larger city ( GRAVITY MODEL).

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21
Q

Where are megacities common?

A

Newly emerging economies and are becoming more common in Low income countries

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22
Q

What is natural increase?

A

Difference between a country’s birth rate and death rate

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23
Q

Why might natural increase be high in countries with high rates of urbanisation?

A

May be because many migrants are young adults- women of childbearing age

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24
Q

What is the result of half the worlds population being below 25 years of age?

A

All of these people have the opportunity to have children meaning that natural increase will continue to increase

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25
Q

What has the UN predicted Asia’s urban population will be by 2030?

A

Will rise form 1.4 billion to 2.6 billion

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26
Q

How much has the UN predicted Africa’s urban population will rise to by 2030?

A

From 300 million to 750 million

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27
Q

How much has the UN predicted that Latin America and the Caribbean’s urban population will rise by 2030?

A

Form 400 million to 600 million

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28
Q

what must happen for someone to benefit from moving to a megacity?

A

Only benefit if their productivity gains exceed the cost of living

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29
Q

What problems arise from a rapidly growing megacity?

A

Congestion infrastructure hasn’t caught up
Informal housing
Informal work
High crime
Poor services
Lack of proper policing
Increased pop density greater risk of loss form natural disaster

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30
Q

where is white horse village?

A

west china

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31
Q

what is the problem facing white horse village?

A

Urbanisation

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32
Q

what is the main source of income/ work in white horse village?

A

Agriculture

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33
Q

what is the saying in white horse village?

A

back to the sky face to the ground

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34
Q

why are the locals against the development in Whitehorse village?

A

as their homes and land are being taken away and they are being relocated to densely packed temporary housing

35
Q

why do many people leave Whitehorse village?

A

they leave to get jobs in the city where they can earn a higher income and provide more money for their family

36
Q

How will tradition be affected by the development of Whitehorse village?

A

the graves of peoples ancestors will have to be removed

37
Q

How will tradition be affected by the development of Whitehorse village?

A

the graves of peoples ancestors will have to be removed

38
Q

how will the people of Whitehorse village suffer after the development of their area?

A

they wont have the necessary skills to adapt to the new work sectors so will struggle to find a job

39
Q

how ill the development of white horse village affect the rest of china?

A

china has a growing population so a greater reliance on food to feed the population by developing on productive farmland they are reducing their food production and food security

40
Q

why was white horse village hard to access in the past?

A

you had to travel u river on small boats

41
Q

How will white horse village be made easier to access?

A

highways/ motorways are going to be built

42
Q

what sector will dramatically increase in the white horse village area?

A

real estate as people will want to move in the up and coming area

43
Q

Where is Karachi located?

A

Pakistan

44
Q

What is Karachi defined by?

A

Migration

45
Q

How has migration affected Karachi?

A

Millions of urdu-speaking Indian Muslims arrived in 1947
Many people arrived after the invasion of Afghanistan and 9/11

46
Q

How are neighbourhoods divided in Karachi?

A

Along ethnic lines

47
Q

How many people currently live in Karachi?

A

15 million people

48
Q

What types of crime are prevalent in Karachi?

A

Street violence and turf wars for land and power

49
Q

What is frustrating the citizens of Karachi?

A

The failure of the local government and law enforcement to protect them

50
Q

Is there informal housing settlements in Karachi?

A

Yes

51
Q

What happened to Karachi after failing to respond to globalisation?

A

Inflation
Recession
Unemployment

52
Q

What is the economy like in Karachi?

A

First world economy in a third world country

53
Q

What areas have been privatised in Karachi?

A

Education
Healthcare
Urban services

54
Q

Why is homelessness prevalent in Karachi?

A

There have been no new housing or development schemes

55
Q

What is occurring in the inner city slums of Karachi?

A

Densification

56
Q

What is the difference between the high and low waged people in Karachi?

A

Big gap formed

57
Q

Where are many of the wealthy people in Karachi moving to?

A

Gated communities

58
Q

Where is Mumbai located?

A

India

59
Q

What have local government and law enforcement failed to do in Mumbai?

A

Failed to protect the city from murderous violence and bombings

60
Q

What is the geographical area like in Mumbai?

A

Occupies a long narrow peninsula
Next to Arabian Sea
On the west coast of India

61
Q

How much has the population in Mumbai increased by over the last century?

A

By nearly 12 times

62
Q

What % of people in the slums of Mumbai don’t have access to water?

A

49%

63
Q

What is the current population in Mumbai?

A

21 million people

64
Q

What is a global hub?

A

A highly globally connected city

65
Q

What are some other names for global hubs?

A

Smart cities
World cities

66
Q

What are some examples of global hubs?

A

London
New York
Mumbai
Beijing
Tokyo
Dubai
São Paulo

67
Q

What are characteristic of most global hubs?

A

Strong infrastructure
Large number of TNC’s
A range of jobs in the tertiary and quaternary sector

68
Q

What make global hubs influential?

A

Contain a large population
Highly skilled workforce
Range of TNC’s

69
Q

How are global hubs recognised?

A

How influential they are

70
Q

What is New York’s niche?

A

Financial- home to Wall Street, major accountancy & legal firms as well as HQ for TNC’s

71
Q

What is Londons niche?

A

Business- where much of Europe’s TNC HQ are based

72
Q

What is Dubai’s niche?

A

Financial & resource rich - home to 8% of global oil reserves and the main regional base for many TNC’s in the Middle East

73
Q

What is the niche of Paris?

A

Culture- major global culture hub with HQ of multi-million fashion chains

74
Q

What is the niche in Beijing?

A

Trade- major manufacturing hub with 1000’s of the worlds TNC’s and 40% of Asia’s investment

75
Q

What is the niche in Washington?

A

Political- home to IMF, World Bank, pentagon

76
Q

What is the niche in Mumbai?

A

Service- home of many of the largest telecommunications HQ, cultural home of Asia

77
Q

What is the niche in São Paulo?

A

Innovation- centre for innovation and quaternary design and technology

78
Q

What is the niche in Tokyo?

A

Employment- high % of residents employed in the services sector and information sector

79
Q

What is the niche in Los Angeles?

A

Regional- home to financial HQ, a stock exchange, major financial institutions, HQ’s of several TNC’s

80
Q

What are other names for elite migration

A

Millionaire migration or Oligarch migration

81
Q

What is an elite migrant

A

Minority population group with some combination of high levels of wealth, social status, Political influence, cultural influence

82
Q

What are some examples of elite migrants

A

Footballers, politicians, High skilled professionals, academics, musicians actors and writers and financial sector workers and entrepreneurs 

83
Q

What percentage of the UAE’s population is migrants

A

90%

Geography (103 decks)

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