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Geography > Contested borders > Flashcards

Contested borders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is demarcation of borders?

A

the border that separates two countries

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2
Q

What two things can borders follow?

A

Natural linear feature
Artificial linear features

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3
Q

Why might borders follow natural features?

A

They are easily demarcated form the ground

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4
Q

What are some examples of natural features borders can follow?

A

Rivers
Coastline
Lakes
Mountain watershed

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5
Q

What are some examples of artificial borders?

A

Hadrian’s wall
Offa dike
Great wall of China
Israel west bank wall
49th parallel (USA and Canada)

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6
Q

What is Secession?

A

when a separatist group declare independence and breaks away to form a new state

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7
Q

What are some examples of secession?

A

Scotland referendum
Basque
South Sudan
Kurds/Iran

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8
Q

What is annexation?

A

One state unilaterally seizes control of a territory

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9
Q

What is an example of annexation?

A

Russia and Crimea
Russia’s current attempt on Ukraine

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10
Q

What is cession?

A

One state cedes a territory to another in a treaty

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11
Q

What might be the causes for a country to cede its land?

A

Defeat in war
Mutual agreement (sale of land)

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12
Q

What is an example of the sale of land? (contested borders)

A

USA purchase of Alaska

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13
Q

What are some examples of a area being ceded due to war?

A

Japan-sino war (Taiwan)
Japan after WW2 (Taiwan)

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14
Q

What are colonial borders?

A

Created by agreements between superpowers and often ignore cultural and physical geography

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15
Q

What is an example of colonial borders?

A

Syria/Iraq

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16
Q

What is the principle of self determination?

A

Common after WW1 when borders reflect the will of the people

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17
Q

What is an example of the self determination principle?

A

Austria- Hungary empire after WW1

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18
Q

What is the name of the Ottoman Empire today?

A

Turkey

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19
Q

Which side of WW1 did the Ottomans enter on?

A

The side of Germany and attacked Russia, Britain and France

20
Q

Who was Lawrence of Arabia?

A

British army officer

21
Q

What did Lawrence of Arabia do?

A

Encouraged Arab nationalism & led Arab revolt against Ottoman rule

22
Q

Why did the British army need the Arabs help? (WW1)

A

The British wanted to attack the Ottoman Empire but they weren’t skilled enough at desert warfare

23
Q

What had Britain promised the Arab leaders if the Ottomans were defeated?

A

Independence

24
Q

What did Britain and France do which affected the independence of the Arab area? (WW1)

A

In 1916 Britain and France signed the secret Sykes-Picot agreement to divide the Middle East

25
Q

Why did the Sykes-Picot line create a contested border?

A

It ignored the ethnic and religious geography of the region

26
Q

What is the split of religious groups in Syria?

A

Shia=14.7%
Sunni=73%
Christian=9.3%

27
Q

What is the split of religious groups in Iraq?

A

Shia=63.2%
Sunni=32.3%
Christian=2.3%

28
Q

What is the split of religious groups in Iran?

A

Shia=86.7%
Sunni= 10.8%
Christian= 1%

29
Q

What is the main ethnic group and largest minority in Syria?

A

Main group= Arab
Largest minority= Kurd

30
Q

What is the main ethnic group and largest minority in Iraq?

A

Main group= Arab
Largest minority= Kurd

31
Q

What is the main ethnic group and largest minority in Iran?

A

Main group= Persian
Largest minority= Kurd/ Alawhite

32
Q

What is a alawhite?

A

Sect of Islam

33
Q

Who was Suddam Hussein?

A

Dictator or Iraq (1979-2003)

34
Q

What ethnic religious group was Suddam Hussein?

A

Sunni Arab

35
Q

How did Suddam Hussein come to power?

A

Put into power by CIA in the Cold War as he was anti-communism

36
Q

How might Suddam Hussein’s ethnic religion explain his fear or Iran and his launching of Iran-Iraq war? (1980-88)

A

As Iran has a big Shia population and and they may think some of Iraq should be Iranian

37
Q

What happened to Suddam Hussein?

A

He was deposed by US invasion

38
Q

What was leadership like in Iraq after Hussein?

A

US Military rule (2003-2011)
US installed a new Shia dictator

39
Q

Why does the US electing dictators cause civil war in Iraq?

A

The people aren’t allowed to decide
Specifically Sunni upset as Shia leader means no longer favoured by law after being in charge for many years

40
Q

Who is Bashar al-Assad?

A

President and effective dictator of Syria (2011+)

41
Q

What is the ethnic religious group of Bashar al-Assad?

A

Shia Arab (Alawhite)

42
Q

What are fellow Alawhites in control of in Syria?

A

Control the regimes security forces

43
Q

Why might Bashar al-Assad’s religion be a cause of the Syrian civil war?

A

Wrong ethnic group to majority
Bashar hates Sunni

44
Q

How did Bashar al-Assad break international law?

A

Used chemical weapons against own people (killing some)

45
Q

What was the Balfour declaration (1917)?

A

Uk foreign secretary supported a ‘national home’ for Jewish people ‘in Palestine’

46
Q

What happened after WW2 in Isreal (Palestine)?

A

Civil war broke out between Jewish settlers and indigenous Arab population

47
Q

What happened when the British withdrew from Palestine?

A

Independent state of Isreal declared

Geography (103 decks)

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