The consequences of water insecurity

Question 1

what 4 main ways affect the price of water?

Answer 1

Physical cost of obtaining supply
Degree of demand for the water
Lack of infrastructure
Who supplies the water

Question 2

How does the physical cost of obtaining the water affect he price of water?

Answer 2

If the water is imported
Transport costs (more expensive)
Water treatment - recycled water or desalinated water costs more

Question 3

How does the degree of demand for water affect its price?

Answer 3

When demand increases due to population pressure, but supply can’t match it, the product becomes more valuable
It privately owned the company can make more profit by increase in cost

Question 4

How does lack of infrastructure affect the price of water?

Answer 4

1) can increase price water because limited supply makes it valuable and can force importation
2) can decrease price as areas with no piped water supply access water from rivers which is free

Question 5

How does who supplies the water affect price?

Answer 5

Government owned supplies are usually cheaper their aim is to have a working population water is essential for a healthy workforce
Private companies are keen to make a profit so water is usually more expensive

Question 6

How might the privatisation of water supplies affect water price?

Answer 6

The new owner of the water company will want to recoup the cost of buying the supply usually causes increased price

Question 7

What is privatisation?

Answer 7

Where governments sell a sector of industry to the highest bidder

Question 8

How have WB and IMF contributed to a rise in water prices?

Answer 8

SAP force people to sell infrastructure which means that when sold unusually water price will increase

Question 9

What is a SAP?

Answer 9

Structural adjustment policy
Part of loan agreement
Govement agree to open or sell area of industry to private investors
Brings income to help pay back loan
Competition usually helps lower prices but privatisation cause increase the price

Question 10

what can have detrimental impact on the price of water?

Answer 10

when governments adopt neo-liberalist policies due to conditions set by WB/ IMF for a loan

Question 11

what do loans by WB/IMF state?

Answer 11

the government being offered the loan must sell (privatise) water supply

Question 12

who will usually buy a countries water supply?

Answer 12

TNC’s

Question 13

After a TNC buys the water supply what will they want to do?

Answer 13

recoup losses and make a profit

Question 14

what two areas of the globe saw the highest water and wastewater price in 2016?

Answer 14

Merida (Venezuela)
Buenos Aires (Argentina)

Question 15

how much did water price rise in Merida?

Answer 15

326%

Question 16

how much did water price rise in Buenos Aires?

Answer 16

217%

Question 17

What cities implemented tariff reforms to change water prices?

Answer 17

Hanoi
Minsk
Astana

Question 18

Why did Hanoi, Minsk and Astana implement tariff reforms?

Answer 18

to secure loans from the IMF and European bank for reconstruction and development

Question 19

what are tariff reforms?

Answer 19

imposition of government taxes on imports or occasionally exports for purposes of protection, support of the balance of payments, or the raising of revenue

Question 20

where have tariff increases been implemented because of IMF loan requirements?

Answer 20

Egypt
Jordan

Question 21

how much did price of water increase due to El Niño drought in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Answer 21

12.7%

Question 22

How much did prices increase in Latin America due to El Niño drought?

Answer 22

10.3%

Question 23

Why does El Nino cause an increase in water prices?

Answer 23

As utilities were forced to respond to sustained drought conditions

Question 24

What did a shortage of water lead to in Southern Africa?

Answer 24

surge in electricity prices

Question 25

Why did electricity prices increase when water supply dwindled in Southern Africa?

Answer 25

tariffs that Eskom levies on its customers, including municipalities
(putting tariffs to qualify for loan)

Question 26

What was done to introduce tax onto water consumed in Denmark?

Answer 26

20 years ago regulation that required metering of water consumption

Question 27

What do high water prices deter?

Answer 27

Unnecessary consumption

Question 28

What has the metering of water in Denmark done to the price of water between 1989-2012?

Answer 28

risen from 2 euros to 7 Euros per cubic metre

Question 29

what has the dramatic increase in water prices in Denmark led to?

Answer 29

increased public awareness
significant drop in water consumption

Question 30

How has per Capita litres per day usage dropped in Denmark?

Answer 30

1989- 170 litres/day
2012- 114 litres/day

Question 31

What can lead to a reduction in water price/ tariffs?

Answer 31

advanced utilities
efficiencies passed onto consumers

Question 32

Where has reduced the price of water due to increased efficiency?

Answer 32

Norway
Netherlands

Question 33

What is the water poverty index?

Answer 33

mathematical data-driven tool for gauging the degree of water-related poverty in a community, region, or country.

Question 34

what are the parameters of the water poverty index?

Answer 34

5 components: resources, access, capacity, use, environment.

Question 35

What is the water poverty index out of?

Answer 35

0 -100

Question 36

How does water poverty index relate to GDP?

Answer 36

A higher score links to better water usage

Question 37

What is a good example of the water poverty index?

Answer 37

Dominican republic & Haiti

Question 38

Are conditions similar between the Dominican republic and Haiti?

Answer 38

Yes as they are the same island

Question 39

Are water poverty index scores the Same for the dominical republic and Haiti?

Answer 39

scores on the national level are very different

Question 40

What is WPI?

Answer 40

water poverty index

Question 41

What is Haiti’s WPI?

Answer 41

35.1

Question 42

What is Dominicans republic WPI?

Answer 42

59.4

Question 43

Why is WPI good? (Water poverty index)

Answer 43

can see where weaknesses lie so actions can be prioritised