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Special Senses Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are receptors in the senses characterized by?

A

The type of energy used to activate them

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2
Q

What do Mechanoreceptors recognize?

A

Hearing, balance and touch

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3
Q

What do Thermoreceptors recognize?

A

Temperature

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4
Q

What do Chemoreceptors recognize?

A

Taste and smell

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5
Q

What do Photoreceptors recognize?

A

Vision

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6
Q

What do Osmoreceptors recognize?

A

Osmolarity of body fluids

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7
Q

What do Nociceptors recognize?

A

Pain

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8
Q

What occurs in sensory perception?

A

Energy from the outside world is converted in to a form that the body can understand: Electrochemical

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9
Q

What is the Adequate Stimulus?

A

When sensory endings respond to a particular type of energy applied to them

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10
Q

What is Primary Transduction Process?

A

When energy applied to a sensory receptor is converted into electrochemical energy

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11
Q

What is involved in the Primary Transduction process of the Visual system?

A

Photons of light are converted to a change in membrane potential

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12
Q

What is involved in the Primary Transduction process of the Hearing system?

A

Air pressure waves in air is converted to the bending of hair

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13
Q

What is a Generator Potential?

A

A non-propagated, graded potential that is usually depolarizing and recorded from a sensory nerve

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14
Q

What is the magnitude of a generator potential propotional to?

A

The strength of the stimulus

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15
Q

What is do we need to know to determine how many stimuli can be discriminated?

A

The range of the sensory system

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16
Q

What is the range in wavelength that humans can detect light?

A

Between 390 and 700 nm

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17
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

The tough white fibrous part of the eye

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18
Q

What is the Cornea?

A

The clear covering of the eye

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19
Q

What is a Conjunctiva?

A

A thin protective membrane covering the eye

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20
Q

What is the Cornea continuous with?

A

The sclera

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21
Q

What is the most important part of the light focusing power of the eye?

A

The Cornea

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22
Q

What is the Cornea important for?

A

Light focusing power of the eye

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23
Q

What sits behind the Cornea?

A

The Anterior Chamber

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24
Q

What is the Anterior Chamber filled with?

A

Aqueous humor

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25
What is the Aqueous Humor secreted by?
The ciliary body
26
What is the Aqueous Humor drained by?
The Canal of Schlemm
27
Where is Aqueous Humor found?
The Anterior and Posterior chambers
28
What sits immediately behind the Anterior Chamber?
The Crystalline Lens
29
What is the shape of the surface of the Crystalline lens?
It is convex
30
What does the fluid filled anterior chamber allow for?
The cornea to act as a unit
31
What is behind the lens?
A chamber called the Vitreous chamber
32
What is the Vitreous chamber filled with?
A gelatinous substance called Vitreous Humor
33
What is the function of Vitreous Humor?
Maintain the shape of the eye
34
What is at the back of the eye?
The Retina
35
What does the Retina contain layers of?
* Receptor cells (rods and cones) | * Processing cells (bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells)
36
What is behind the Retina?
The Choroid Layer
37
What is the Choroid layer?
A layer of pigment cells that contain melanin
38
What is the passage of light starting from the cornea?
``` Cornea Anterior Chamber Pupil Lens Vitreous Chamber Retina ```
39
What is the function of the Choroid?
To absorb pigment
40
What is Accommodation?
The process by which the curvature of the lens is increased
41
When does Accomodation occur?
During near vision
42
Which curvature of the lens is most affected during Accomodation?
The anterior curvature of the lens
43
What is the lens held in place by?
Suspensory ligaments
44
What are the Suspensory ligaments of the eye attached to?
A sphincter like muscle called the ciliary muscle
45
What flattens the lens of the eye?
The ciliary muscle being relaxed and tension of suspensory ligaments is increased
46
What must the shape of the lens be for distance vision?
Flat
47
What causes the lens to be rounder and thicker?
Contraction of the ciliary muscle and the tension of the ligaments is reduced
48
When is the eye set for close vision?
When the eye is rounder and thicker
49
What is Refraction?
The deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray in passing obliquely from one medium to another
50
What is the Focal Distance?
The distance from the refractive surface to the point where parallel light rays converge
51
What does the reciprocal of the focal distance give?
the diopter
52
What is the Diopter?
The reciprocal of the focal distance that tells the refractive power
53
What is Myopia?
Nearsightedness
54
What is the cause of Myopia?
The eye is too long
55
What is Hyperopia?
Farsightedness
56
What is the cause of Hyperopia?
The eye is too short
57
What is Presbyopia?
A stiff lens due to age
58
What is an Astigmatism?
When the corneal surface is more curved in one plane than an another causing a difference in refraction between the two planes
59
What fixes a Myopia?
A Negative (concave) lens
60
What fixes Hyperopia?
A positive (convex) lens
61
How is an Astigmatism fixed?
With cylindrical shaped lenses which focuses light into a line instead of a point

Physl (94 decks)

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