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Physl > Special Senses Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Special Senses Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are receptors in the senses characterized by?

A

The type of energy used to activate them

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2
Q

What do Mechanoreceptors recognize?

A

Hearing, balance and touch

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3
Q

What do Thermoreceptors recognize?

A

Temperature

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4
Q

What do Chemoreceptors recognize?

A

Taste and smell

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5
Q

What do Photoreceptors recognize?

A

Vision

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6
Q

What do Osmoreceptors recognize?

A

Osmolarity of body fluids

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7
Q

What do Nociceptors recognize?

A

Pain

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8
Q

What occurs in sensory perception?

A

Energy from the outside world is converted in to a form that the body can understand: Electrochemical

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9
Q

What is the Adequate Stimulus?

A

When sensory endings respond to a particular type of energy applied to them

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10
Q

What is Primary Transduction Process?

A

When energy applied to a sensory receptor is converted into electrochemical energy

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11
Q

What is involved in the Primary Transduction process of the Visual system?

A

Photons of light are converted to a change in membrane potential

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12
Q

What is involved in the Primary Transduction process of the Hearing system?

A

Air pressure waves in air is converted to the bending of hair

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13
Q

What is a Generator Potential?

A

A non-propagated, graded potential that is usually depolarizing and recorded from a sensory nerve

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14
Q

What is the magnitude of a generator potential propotional to?

A

The strength of the stimulus

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15
Q

What is do we need to know to determine how many stimuli can be discriminated?

A

The range of the sensory system

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16
Q

What is the range in wavelength that humans can detect light?

A

Between 390 and 700 nm

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17
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

The tough white fibrous part of the eye

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18
Q

What is the Cornea?

A

The clear covering of the eye

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19
Q

What is a Conjunctiva?

A

A thin protective membrane covering the eye

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20
Q

What is the Cornea continuous with?

A

The sclera

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21
Q

What is the most important part of the light focusing power of the eye?

A

The Cornea

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22
Q

What is the Cornea important for?

A

Light focusing power of the eye

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23
Q

What sits behind the Cornea?

A

The Anterior Chamber

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24
Q

What is the Anterior Chamber filled with?

A

Aqueous humor

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25
Q

What is the Aqueous Humor secreted by?

A

The ciliary body

26
Q

What is the Aqueous Humor drained by?

A

The Canal of Schlemm

27
Q

Where is Aqueous Humor found?

A

The Anterior and Posterior chambers

28
Q

What sits immediately behind the Anterior Chamber?

A

The Crystalline Lens

29
Q

What is the shape of the surface of the Crystalline lens?

A

It is convex

30
Q

What does the fluid filled anterior chamber allow for?

A

The cornea to act as a unit

31
Q

What is behind the lens?

A

A chamber called the Vitreous chamber

32
Q

What is the Vitreous chamber filled with?

A

A gelatinous substance called Vitreous Humor

33
Q

What is the function of Vitreous Humor?

A

Maintain the shape of the eye

34
Q

What is at the back of the eye?

A

The Retina

35
Q

What does the Retina contain layers of?

A
  • Receptor cells (rods and cones)

* Processing cells (bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells)

36
Q

What is behind the Retina?

A

The Choroid Layer

37
Q

What is the Choroid layer?

A

A layer of pigment cells that contain melanin

38
Q

What is the passage of light starting from the cornea?

A 
Cornea
Anterior Chamber
Pupil
Lens
Vitreous Chamber
Retina
39
Q

What is the function of the Choroid?

A

To absorb pigment

40
Q

What is Accommodation?

A

The process by which the curvature of the lens is increased

41
Q

When does Accomodation occur?

A

During near vision

42
Q

Which curvature of the lens is most affected during Accomodation?

A

The anterior curvature of the lens

43
Q

What is the lens held in place by?

A

Suspensory ligaments

44
Q

What are the Suspensory ligaments of the eye attached to?

A

A sphincter like muscle called the ciliary muscle

45
Q

What flattens the lens of the eye?

A

The ciliary muscle being relaxed and tension of suspensory ligaments is increased

46
Q

What must the shape of the lens be for distance vision?

47
Q

What causes the lens to be rounder and thicker?

A

Contraction of the ciliary muscle and the tension of the ligaments is reduced

48
Q

When is the eye set for close vision?

A

When the eye is rounder and thicker

49
Q

What is Refraction?

A

The deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray in passing obliquely from one medium to another

50
Q

What is the Focal Distance?

A

The distance from the refractive surface to the point where parallel light rays converge

51
Q

What does the reciprocal of the focal distance give?

A

the diopter

52
Q

What is the Diopter?

A

The reciprocal of the focal distance that tells the refractive power

53
Q

What is Myopia?

A

Nearsightedness

54
Q

What is the cause of Myopia?

A

The eye is too long

55
Q

What is Hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness

56
Q

What is the cause of Hyperopia?

A

The eye is too short

57
Q

What is Presbyopia?

A

A stiff lens due to age

58
Q

What is an Astigmatism?

A

When the corneal surface is more curved in one plane than an another causing a difference in refraction between the two planes

59
Q

What fixes a Myopia?

A

A Negative (concave) lens

60
Q

What fixes Hyperopia?

A

A positive (convex) lens

61
Q

How is an Astigmatism fixed?

A

With cylindrical shaped lenses which focuses light into a line instead of a point

Physl (94 decks)

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