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Physl > Immune System - Lecture 3 Part A > Flashcards

Immune System - Lecture 3 Part A Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Adaptive immune response composed of?

A
  • Humoral/antibody mediated response

* Cell mediated immune response

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2
Q

What type of WBCs are involved in the Humoral Adaptive response?

A

B lymphocytes

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3
Q

What type of WBCs are involved in the Cell mediated adaptive response?

A

T lymphocytes

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4
Q

What type of lymphocytes are involved in the adaptive immune response?

A

T and B lymphocytes

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5
Q

What is the general role of B cells in the adaptive response?

A

Their main function is to get rid of soluble or free toxins, viruses and bacteria

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6
Q

What is the general role of T cells in the adaptive response?

A

Monitor the status of ourselves for signs of viral infection, tumors and foreign proteins after phagocytosis

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7
Q

Where are T cell produced?

A

In the bone marrow

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8
Q

Where do T cells finish their development and become mature?

A

In the Thymus

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9
Q

What do T cells express to recognize antigens?

A

Receptors called T cell receptors or TCR

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10
Q

What do TCRs do for T cells?

A

Allow them to recognize antigens

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11
Q

What are TCRs composed of?

A

A U-shaped variable domain and a constant domain which is the bottom part

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12
Q

What is the function of the variable domains of TCRs?

A

They bind to the antigen

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13
Q

What is unique about the variable domain of TCRs?

A

They are susceptible to DNA recombination which allows for different specificities of antigens to be recognized

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14
Q

What is the function of the Constant domain of TCRs?

A

It lifts the receptor away from the membrane of the T lymphocyte allowing it to reach antigens

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15
Q

What do TCR receptors recognize?

A

Both the MHC molecule and the peptide antigen that is displayed by the MHC molecule

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16
Q

What additional receptors do mature T cells have?

A

Coreceptors

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17
Q

What are the additional receptors on mature T-cells involved in?

A

Antigen recognition

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18
Q

What are the two types of co-receptors on T lymphocytes?

A

CD4 and CD8

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19
Q

What do the coreceptors on T lymphocytes do?

A

Recognize MHC molecules and are required for T cell activation

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20
Q

Which T lymphocyte co-receptor recognizes MHC II?

A

CD4

21
Q

Which T lymphocyte co-receptor recognizes MHC I?

A

CD8

22
Q

What do early T cells lack?

A

Co-receptors

23
Q

What are Double Negative cells?

A

Early T cells that lack co receptors

24
Q

When do T cells develop co-receptors?

A

During their development

25
Q

What happens if an early T cell failed to express the TCR receptor?

A

The cell will die

26
Q

What happens to the developing T cells that are able to produce the TCR receptors?

A

They will go on to produce both CD8 and CD4 co-receptors

27
Q

What are Double Positive T cells?

A

T cells that have both the CD4 and CD8 receptors

28
Q

What occurs after T cell have both CD8 and CD4 coreceptors?

A

They undergo a selection process to become single positive cells and a second selection process to become mature naive T cells

29
Q

What does the second selection process that developing T cells undergo ensure?

A

That cells that are autoreactive are eliminated from the body

30
Q

What is the only form that T cells can recognize antigens?

A

T cells can recognize antigens on antigen presenting cells that are bound the MHC molecules but not on pathogens themselves

31
Q

What crucial role to antigen presenting cells have in the adaptive response?

A

They activate T cells by presenting antigens to them

32
Q

What three signals are required for T cell activation?

A
  • TCR receptors must recognize the MCH and the represented peptide and the coreceptors must recognize it as well
  • Costimulatory molecules on the T cell must interact with the antigen
  • Cytokines to direct differentiation into effector cells
33
Q

When activating T cells what is the purpose of the costimulatory signal in order to activate it?

A

The costimulatory molecules increase the interaction between the two cells because just the binding to MHC has low affinity to prevent autoreactive cells

34
Q

What is the purpose of cytokines in T cell activation?

A

They direct cell differentiation into effector cells

35
Q

Why is Interleukin II an important cytokine for T cells?

A

It stimulates the proliferation of T cells resulting in an increased number of effector cells to help fight infection

36
Q

What occurs in T cell activation if the Costimulatory signal doesn’t occur?

A

Anergy occurs and the T cell is unresponsive and not activated so it does not secrete cytokines or proliferate

37
Q

Why is Costimualtion important to activate T cells?

A

It prevents an unnecessary immune response

38
Q

Which type of T lymphocytes require an extra type of activation?

A

Those containing CD8 coreceptors

39
Q

What do T lymphocytes with CD8 receptors need in order to become fully activated?

A

Costimulation by T helper cells or CD4 cells

40
Q

What are the two ways that CD8 T cells can become fully activated?

A
  • Sequential stimulation

* Simultaneous stimulation

41
Q

What is the other name for CD8 T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

42
Q

Why do CD8/ Cytotoxic T cells need an addition signal for activation?

A

Because T Cytotoxic cells are really harmful to the host especially when activated unnecessarily

43
Q

What is another name for CD4 T cells?

A

Helper T cells

44
Q

How does sequential stimulation CD8 cells work?

A

The T help cell will first engage with the antigen producing cell (licensing it) and enhance its ability to engage with the CD8 cell. Then the T cytotoxic cell will be activated by the antigen presenting cell when it binds to it

45
Q

How does Simultaneous stimulation of CD8 cells work?

A

The CD4 (T helper cell) and the CD8 cell both engage at the same time with the antigen presenting cell and exchange signal allowing he antigen presenting cell to activate the CD8 cell

46
Q

How does the secretion of cytokines after activation of T cells affect the T cells?

A

Cytokines stimulate the activation and proliferation of T cells resulting in an increased number of antigen specific lymphocytes

47
Q

What is Clonal Expasnion?

A

The increased proliferation of T cells after the release of cytokines resulting in antigen specific T cells facilitating elimination

48
Q

When are memory cells alive?

A

Memory cells are alive always and circulate through the body waitin for a second exposure

49
Q

When do memory cells respond with higher reactivity to an infection?

A

When there is a subsequent exposure to an infection

Physl (94 decks)

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