Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physl > Nervous System 7 - Memory and the Hippocampus > Flashcards

Nervous System 7 - Memory and the Hippocampus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of memory?

A

Declarative/Explicit and Nondeclarative/Implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Declarative memory concerned with?

A

Facts and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of recall does Declarative memory require?

A

Conscious recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the capacity of Declarative memory?

A

Unlimited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Nondeclarative memory concerned with?

A

Skills and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What kind of recall is found in Nondeclarative memory?

A

Automatic recall that does not need conscious recollection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the characteristics of Short-term memory?

A
  • Seconds to minutes
  • Limited in capacity
  • Needs continual rehearsal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the Characteristics of Long-Term memory?

A
  • Days to years
  • Large capacity
  • Does not require rehearsal once info is stored in LTM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in Declarative memory?

A

Hippocampus and Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in Nondeclarative memory?

A

Striatum, Cerebellum, Amygdala (emotional memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Consolidation?

A

The process of storing new information into the long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is Long Term storage for Declarative memory found?

A

A variety of sites

•e.g. Wernicke’s area, temporal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is Long term storage for Nondeclarative memory found?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Premotor cortex
  • Other sites related to motor behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Short term storage for Declarative memory?

A

Hippocampus and related structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Short term storage for Nondeclarative memory?

A

Sites unknown but presumably across the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is stored in Wernicke’s area?

A

The meaning of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is stored in the Temporal cortex?

A

Memories of objects and faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What information does the Hippocampus handle?

A
  • Processing spatial infor
  • Navigation
  • Info that doesn’t have a clear spatial component
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What converges in the hippocampal region?

A

Widespread projection from the association neocortex’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does the hippocampus send the information it receives from the association neocortexes?

A

Back to the same neocortical areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two types of Amnesia?

A

Retrograde Amnesia

Anterograde Amnesia

22
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

Memory loss for events occurring prior to trauma but very old memories remain intacts

23
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

A

The inability to form new memories

24
Q

What is the relation between the structures of the brain that encode explicit and implicit memory?

A

Brain structures that underlie explicit and implicit memory are different

25
Which side of the hippocampus is activated for Spacial Learning?
The right side
26
Which side of the hippocampus activated for Verbal memory-word recall?
Left hippocampus
27
What are the variety of tests used to probe hippocampal function?
* Imaging studies in humans * Various mazes * Place cell recordings
28
What are Place cells?
Cells that fire action potentials when an animal is in one location but not another
29
Which neurons can act as place cells?
Hippocampal neurons can act as place cells but they are not exclusive to the hippocampus
30
What are place cells important for?
Navigation
31
What is the Hippocampus critical for?
Making associations between events occuring in close temporal succession to each other
32
What are the two types of genetically engineered mice?
Knockout and Transgenic mice
33
What occurs in Knockout?
A gene encoding a particular protein is completely knocked out so that the protein is missing from the brain
34
What occurs in transgenic mice?
A gene that you introduce encodes a modified form of the protein that your interested in
35
What does a Transgenic construct contain?
* A specific promoter (Pspec) * A gene of interest * A Polyadenylyl sequence (pA)
36
What does the Promoter do?
Drive expression of the gene of interest
37
What is the promoter for the alpha-subunit of CaMK2 often used for?
It is used to restrict expression of the transgene (modified protein) to brain cells
38
What is interesting about Knock-ins?
The endogenous protein is still present but we are introducing a modified form of the protein that co-exists with the endogenous one
39
What are the steps in creating a Transgenic mouse that expresses the mutant form of CaMK2?
* A promoter is found that restricts expression of tTA protein to brain cells * Another mouse containing tetO promoter that is only activated with tTA is attached to a mutant form of CaMKII is created * The mice are bred together and now contain a mutant form of CaMKII protein and the protein that activates the promoter tetO, tTA
40
How can transcription of the mutant CaMKII be stopped?
Doxycycline can be ingested by the mice and bind to tTA which is supposed to bind to the tetO, the promoter of CaMKII
41
How were mice affected by having the mutant form of CaMKII?
They display Long Term Depression rather than LTP. They express CaMkII that is hyperactive and have impaired spatial learning skills
42
What is Angelman's syndrome characterized by?
Severe mental impairment and epileptic seizures
43
What is thought to be the trigger for Angelman's syndrome?
Dysfunction of CaMKII
44
What is the Goldilocks Phenomenon?
The idea that too much or too little of something is not good
45
What is Dementia characterized by?
A syndrome characterized by amnesia and intellectual dysfunctions
46
What is the most common form of Dementia?
Alzheimer's disease
47
What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?
* Memory loss: inability to form short term memories | * Failure of language skills, visual spatial orientation and judgment
48
What are some of the Pathological changes in the brain tissue of Alzheimer's patients?
* Accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons * Extracellular accumulation of plaques containing a protein, amyloid * Widespread loss of neurons
49
What are the possible causes of AD?
* Genetics mutations of genes encoding: amyloid precursor protein (APP), Presenilin 1 and 2 * Inheritance of gene for apolipoprotein-E increases risk of developing AD
50
What are the consequences of Presenilin 1 and 2?
Increase levels of toxic form of A-beta peptide (AB42)
51
Which part of the brain is the most hard hit is AD?
The Temporal lobe

Physl (94 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions