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Physl > Nervous System 7 - Memory and the Hippocampus > Flashcards

Nervous System 7 - Memory and the Hippocampus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of memory?

A

Declarative/Explicit and Nondeclarative/Implicit

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2
Q

What is Declarative memory concerned with?

A

Facts and events

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3
Q

What kind of recall does Declarative memory require?

A

Conscious recall

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4
Q

What is the capacity of Declarative memory?

A

Unlimited

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5
Q

What is Nondeclarative memory concerned with?

A

Skills and behavior

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6
Q

What kind of recall is found in Nondeclarative memory?

A

Automatic recall that does not need conscious recollection

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Short-term memory?

A
  • Seconds to minutes
  • Limited in capacity
  • Needs continual rehearsal
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8
Q

What are the Characteristics of Long-Term memory?

A
  • Days to years
  • Large capacity
  • Does not require rehearsal once info is stored in LTM
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9
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in Declarative memory?

A

Hippocampus and Diencephalon

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10
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in Nondeclarative memory?

A

Striatum, Cerebellum, Amygdala (emotional memory)

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11
Q

What is Consolidation?

A

The process of storing new information into the long term memory

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12
Q

Where is Long Term storage for Declarative memory found?

A

A variety of sites

•e.g. Wernicke’s area, temporal cortex

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13
Q

Where is Long term storage for Nondeclarative memory found?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Premotor cortex
  • Other sites related to motor behavior
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14
Q

What is Short term storage for Declarative memory?

A

Hippocampus and related structures

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15
Q

What is Short term storage for Nondeclarative memory?

A

Sites unknown but presumably across the cortex

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16
Q

What is stored in Wernicke’s area?

A

The meaning of words

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17
Q

What is stored in the Temporal cortex?

A

Memories of objects and faces

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18
Q

What information does the Hippocampus handle?

A
  • Processing spatial infor
  • Navigation
  • Info that doesn’t have a clear spatial component
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19
Q

What converges in the hippocampal region?

A

Widespread projection from the association neocortex’s

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20
Q

Where does the hippocampus send the information it receives from the association neocortexes?

A

Back to the same neocortical areas

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21
Q

What are the two types of Amnesia?

A

Retrograde Amnesia

Anterograde Amnesia

22
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

Memory loss for events occurring prior to trauma but very old memories remain intacts

23
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

A

The inability to form new memories

24
Q

What is the relation between the structures of the brain that encode explicit and implicit memory?

A

Brain structures that underlie explicit and implicit memory are different

25
Q

Which side of the hippocampus is activated for Spacial Learning?

A

The right side

26
Q

Which side of the hippocampus activated for Verbal memory-word recall?

A

Left hippocampus

27
Q

What are the variety of tests used to probe hippocampal function?

A
  • Imaging studies in humans
  • Various mazes
  • Place cell recordings
28
Q

What are Place cells?

A

Cells that fire action potentials when an animal is in one location but not another

29
Q

Which neurons can act as place cells?

A

Hippocampal neurons can act as place cells but they are not exclusive to the hippocampus

30
Q

What are place cells important for?

A

Navigation

31
Q

What is the Hippocampus critical for?

A

Making associations between events occuring in close temporal succession to each other

32
Q

What are the two types of genetically engineered mice?

A

Knockout and Transgenic mice

33
Q

What occurs in Knockout?

A

A gene encoding a particular protein is completely knocked out so that the protein is missing from the brain

34
Q

What occurs in transgenic mice?

A

A gene that you introduce encodes a modified form of the protein that your interested in

35
Q

What does a Transgenic construct contain?

A
  • A specific promoter (Pspec)
  • A gene of interest
  • A Polyadenylyl sequence (pA)
36
Q

What does the Promoter do?

A

Drive expression of the gene of interest

37
Q

What is the promoter for the alpha-subunit of CaMK2 often used for?

A

It is used to restrict expression of the transgene (modified protein) to brain cells

38
Q

What is interesting about Knock-ins?

A

The endogenous protein is still present but we are introducing a modified form of the protein that co-exists with the endogenous one

39
Q

What are the steps in creating a Transgenic mouse that expresses the mutant form of CaMK2?

A
  • A promoter is found that restricts expression of tTA protein to brain cells
  • Another mouse containing tetO promoter that is only activated with tTA is attached to a mutant form of CaMKII is created
  • The mice are bred together and now contain a mutant form of CaMKII protein and the protein that activates the promoter tetO, tTA
40
Q

How can transcription of the mutant CaMKII be stopped?

A

Doxycycline can be ingested by the mice and bind to tTA which is supposed to bind to the tetO, the promoter of CaMKII

41
Q

How were mice affected by having the mutant form of CaMKII?

A

They display Long Term Depression rather than LTP. They express CaMkII that is hyperactive and have impaired spatial learning skills

42
Q

What is Angelman’s syndrome characterized by?

A

Severe mental impairment and epileptic seizures

43
Q

What is thought to be the trigger for Angelman’s syndrome?

A

Dysfunction of CaMKII

44
Q

What is the Goldilocks Phenomenon?

A

The idea that too much or too little of something is not good

45
Q

What is Dementia characterized by?

A

A syndrome characterized by amnesia and intellectual dysfunctions

46
Q

What is the most common form of Dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

47
Q

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A
  • Memory loss: inability to form short term memories

* Failure of language skills, visual spatial orientation and judgment

48
Q

What are some of the Pathological changes in the brain tissue of Alzheimer’s patients?

A
  • Accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons
  • Extracellular accumulation of plaques containing a protein, amyloid
  • Widespread loss of neurons
49
Q

What are the possible causes of AD?

A
  • Genetics mutations of genes encoding: amyloid precursor protein (APP), Presenilin 1 and 2
  • Inheritance of gene for apolipoprotein-E increases risk of developing AD
50
Q

What are the consequences of Presenilin 1 and 2?

A

Increase levels of toxic form of A-beta peptide (AB42)

51
Q

Which part of the brain is the most hard hit is AD?

A

The Temporal lobe

Physl (94 decks)

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