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Physl > Immune System - Lecture 1 Part B > Flashcards

Immune System - Lecture 1 Part B Flashcards

1
Q

Where are all blood cells produced?

A

The bone marrow

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2
Q

Which stem cells do all blood cells come from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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3
Q

What causes a Hematopoietic stem cell to differentiate into a specific blood cell?

A

Signals the the cell receives from the microenvironment

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4
Q

What can Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into?

A

Myeloid Progenitor or a Lymphoid Progenitor

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5
Q

What cells do Myeloid Progenitors give rise to?

A 
All the blood cells except lymphocytes
•RBCs
•Basophils
•Neutrophils
•Eosinophils
•Monocytes
•Macrophages
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6
Q

What do Lymphoid Progenitor give rise to?

A
  • Natural killer cells (NK cells)
  • T lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes
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7
Q

What do Granulocytes have in their cytoplasm?

A

Granules

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8
Q

Which cells are Granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • MAST cells
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9
Q

What is another name for Neutrophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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10
Q

Why are Neutrophils also called Polymorphonuclear leukocytes?

A

Because their nucleus is multileveled

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11
Q

What are the most abundant Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

Which Granulocytes are the first to arrive at the site of an infection?

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

How do Neutrophils get to the site of an infection?

A

The migrate from the blood to the infected sites

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14
Q

What do Neutrophils do once they arrive at the site of an infection?

A

They start Phagocytosis of the pathogen or antigen

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15
Q

When do numbers of Neutrophils especially increase?

A

During a bacterial or fungal infection and acute inflammation

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16
Q

How long do Neutrophils live for?

A

One or two days

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17
Q

When do Eosinophil numbers increase?

A

During parasitic or worm infections. They also play a role in allergic reactions

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18
Q

How do Eosinophils fight worms?

A

They cluster around them and release granules through degranulation that kill the pathogen

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19
Q

What receptors are Eosinophils rich in?

A

IgE receptors

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20
Q

What is IgE?

A

The antibody that is increased during parasitic infection

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21
Q

When does Degranulation occur in Eosinophils?

A

When IgE from a parasite binds to it receptors

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22
Q

Where are Eosinophils mainly found?

A

The GI tract, the lungs, and urinary and genital mucosa and in the skin

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23
Q

What do Eosinophils release other than Granules?

A

Cytokines and Chemokine

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24
Q

What do Cytokines and Chemokines released by eosinophils do?

A

During Inflammatory response recruit other cells to the site of an infection

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25
Q

Why does the level of Eosinophils in the blood drastically increase?

A

To respond to infection

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26
Q

What do Basophils have in their cytoplasm?

A

Granules

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27
Q

Which Granulocytes are rare in blood?

A

Basophils

28
Q

Which Granulocytes are very Potent?

A

Basophils

29
Q

What is the mean of killing of Basophils?

A

Degranulation but they do not phagocytize after killing

30
Q

When are Basophils used?

A

During parasitic and allergic infections as well as reactions

31
Q

What do Basophils also release aside from Granules?

A

Histamines

32
Q

Which Granulocyte releases histamines?

A

Basophils

33
Q

What do Histamines do?

A

They increase vascular permeability and blood flow to the area facilitating the migration of other immune cells

34
Q

Which Granulocytes have heparin in their granules?

A

Basophils

35
Q

Where are Mast cells usually found?

A

In our skin and mucosal tissues

36
Q

When are Mast cells important?

A

During parasitic infections and allergic reactions

37
Q

What do the Granules of Mast cells contain?

A

Histamine

38
Q

What it responsible for the common symptoms during an allergic reaction?

A

Histamine

39
Q

What cells produce lipid mediators?

A

Mast cells

40
Q

What are some lipid mediators?

A

Prostaglandins and other cytokines

41
Q

What do Lipid Mediators do?

A

Help during inflammation activating other cells to fight against a pathogen

42
Q

What are the three antigen presenting cells?

A

Monocytes, Macrophages and dendritic cells

43
Q

What are Antigen presenting cells?

A

Cells that ingest and digest the antigen and present it to lymphocytes initiating an immune response

44
Q

What is a monocyte called once it migrates from the blood to the tissues?

A

A macrophage

45
Q

What is the lifespan of Macrophages?

A

A long time

46
Q

What do Macrophages do besides Phagocytosis?

A

Produce a lot of cytokines that help recruit other cells and regulate the immune response

47
Q

Which cell helps with tissue repair post-infection and post-inflammation?

A

Macrophages

48
Q

How do Macrophages help post-infection and post-inflammation?

A

They phagocytize dead cells and garbage that remain post infection and stimulate the production of collagen

49
Q

How do dendritic cells facilitate trapping a pathogen?

A

By their long projections of the cytoplasm that help them to phagocytize the pathogen

50
Q

What do Dendritic cells do after Phagocytizing a pathogen?

A

They migrate to the secondary lymph organs

51
Q

How do Dendritic cells trap pathogens?

A

Through their projections and Phagocytosis

52
Q

What do Natural Killer cells do?

A

Fight intracellular pathogens and find tumor cells and prevent their growth

53
Q

Why are NK cells considered to be a self-made immune response?

A

Because they don’t have receptors for specific antigens and don’t generate memory

54
Q

How do NK cells recognize their targets?

A

Through MHC1 a protein shared among several cells

55
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

Through apoptosis or programmed cell death

56
Q

How do NK cells work?

A

They recognize abnormal MHC1 in cells that are infected or tumours and induce their death. They also have cytotoxic granules

57
Q

What chemical do NK cells produce and what does it do?

A

Interferon Gamma and it activates macrophages and enhances their phagocytic activity

58
Q

What does Interferon Gamma do?

A

Activates macrophages and enhances their phagocytic activity

59
Q

What do T lymphocytes become once they are activated?

A

Helper T-cells or Cytotoxic cells

60
Q

How do T-Cytotoxic cells fight against intracellular infection?

A

They induce apoptosis of infected cells and generate memory

61
Q

Why are T and B cells known as Adaptive immune responses?

A

Because they create memory

62
Q

What does it mean for T cells to only be able to recognize processed antigens?

A

They can only be activated if the antigen that is presented to them is presented by an antigen presenting cells like macrophages or dendritic cells that also have MHC molecules

63
Q

Which antigens do T cytotoxic cells recognize?

A

Those bound to MHC1 complexes

64
Q

Which antigens do T helper cells recognize?

A

Those bound to MHC2 molecules

65
Q

What type of antigens do B cells recognize?

A

Unprocessed antigens (those that have not been processed by other cells like macrophages)

66
Q

What is interesting about B-lymphocytes?

A

They can also be antigen presenting cells and present to T cells, especially T helper cells to activate them to produce antibodies

67
Q

What are the Mediators of the Humoral immune response?

A

B lymphocytes

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