Immune System - Lecture 2 Part A

Question 1

What two types of immunity occur at the same time?

Answer 1

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Question 2

What are the three main components of the Innate Response?

Answer 2

• Anatomical or physical barriers
• Chemical barriers
• Cellular responses

Question 3

What are examples of Anatomical barriers of the Innate response?

Answer 3

• Epithelial layer of skin

* Mucosal tissues of gastrointestinal tract

Question 4

What is an example of a Chemical Barriers of the Innate response?

Answer 4

Antimicrobial substances produced by the body that help get rid of pathogens

Question 5

What responses does the body have if a pathogen is able to pass through the anatomical and chemical barriers?

Answer 5

Innate cellular responses

Question 6

What is the specificity of the Innate Cellular Response?

Answer 6

The innate cellular response is a broad nonspecific response

Question 7

What does the Innate Cellular Response rely on because it is broad non-specific?

Answer 7

Pattern recognition

Question 8

What are Patterns in the Innate Cellular Response?

Answer 8

Molecules that are shared among pathogens, that are not specific for a class of pathogens

Question 9

What does PAMPs stand for and what are they?

Answer 9

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns. They are how the innate response recognizes a pathogen

Question 10

What form can PAMPs be present in?

Answer 10

• Lipid molecule in the cell wall

* Carbohydrate molecule

Question 11

Why does the Innate Cellular Response recognize PAMPs that are essential for microbial survival?

Answer 11

Because when pathogens evolve they mutate causing their patterns to change but patterns that are essential for microbial survival usually don’t change so it won’t be able to evade the innate response

Question 12

What are PAMPs recognized by?

Answer 12

PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors)

Question 13

Where are PRRs that recognize extracellular proteins found?

Answer 13

In the plasma membrane

Question 14

Why are PRRs also found in endosomes?

Answer 14

So they can recognize pathogens after they have been ingested by cells

Question 15

Why is it important to have a variety of PRRs?

Answer 15

Because it allows us to amplify our antigen recognition

Question 16

What recognizes a Pathogen Antigen?

Answer 16

PRRs in or on the cell

Question 17

What generally happens once a PRR is activated?

Answer 17

An intracellular cascade of events that lead to enhanced protein expression of molecules stimulate adaptive immunity and the inflammatory response

Question 18

What are Cytokines important for?

Answer 18

Cell communication and stimulation of immune responses

Question 19

What immune response are stimulated by Cytokines?

Answer 19

Adhesion molecules for white blood cell migration or extravasation for stimulating adaptive immunity

Question 20

What happens once a Toll-like receptor (type of PRR) recognizes an antigen?

Answer 20

• Transcription factors activated
• Enhance expression of cytokines
• Stimulation of immune response

Question 21

What are Interferons?

Answer 21

Antiviral chemicals that enhance macrophage activity and send a signal for neighboring cells that viruses are present so they can put in place protective mechanisms

Question 22

What are Effector mechanisms in the innate immune response?

Answer 22

The mechanisms used by innate cells in order to get rid of pathogens

Question 23

What are the five main effector mechanisms in the Innate cellular response?

Answer 23

• Anti-microbial substances
• Complement system
• Phagocytosis
• Inflammation
• NK cells

Question 24

What innate immune response to killing pathogens is Lysozyme a part of?

Answer 24

Anti-microbial substances

Question 25

Where is Lysozyme present and what does it do?

Answer 25

Tears and Saliva. It is an enzyme that breaks bonds in the cell wall causing cell or pathogen death

Question 26

Which Innate Cellular Response in Lactoferrin a part of?

Answer 26

Antimicrobial substances

Question 27

How does Lactoferrin work in the Antimicrobial Innate Cellular Response?

Answer 27

It sequesters iron from the environment and when iron is depleted some microorganisms cannot grow

Question 28

Where is Lactoferrin found?

Answer 28

In milk and Mucus

Question 29

Which immune response is Psoriasin a part of?

Answer 29

The Anti-microbial innate cellular immune response

Question 30

Where is Psoriasin produced and found?

Answer 30

It is a protein produced in the skin

Question 31

What does Psoriasin do?

Answer 31

Prevents colonization by e.coli

Question 32

What is the Complement System?

Answer 32

A group of proteins in the innate and adaptive response that help to eliminate pathogens

Question 33

Where are proteins of the Complement system produced?

Answer 33

The liver

Question 34

Which immune responses are the Complement proteins considered to be apart of?

Answer 34

The Innate and Adaptive response

Question 35

What are the seven main categories of the Complement proteins in the Cellular response?

Answer 35

* Initiators * Convertase activators/enzymatic mediators * Opsonins * Anaphylatoxins * Membrane attack complex (MAC) * Complement receptors * Regulatory proteins

Question 36

What do the Inhibitor Proteins of the Complement Cellular Response mechanism do?

Answer 36

Bind to an antibody that is bound to an antigen and initiate the complement system cascade

Question 37

What do the Convertase Activators of the Complement system in the Cellular Response do?

Answer 37

Break down complement proteins which activates them in order to activate the next protein in the cascade

Question 38

What do Opsonins do in the Complement Cellular Response?

Answer 38

Opsonins bind to antigens and stimulate phagocytes to phagocytize

Question 39

What do Anaphylatoxins do in the Complement immune cellular response system?

Answer 39

They help WBCs migrate to the infection site and are involved in degranulation

Question 40

What do Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC) do in the Complement Cellular Response?

Answer 40

Form the membrane attack complex which leads to cell death

Question 41

What do Complement Receptors do in the Complement Cellular Response?

Answer 41

Bind to complement proteins, therefore activating or stimulating actions by the cells that are expressing them

Question 42

What do Regulatory Proteins do in the Complement Cellular Response?

Answer 42

Prevent exacerbated activation of the complement system so it doesn't damage the body's own cells

Question 43

What are the three main ways to activate the complement system?

Answer 43

* Classical Pathway * Lectin Pathway * Alternative Pathway

Question 44

How is the Classical Pathway in the Complement system activated?

Answer 44

By an antigen antibody complex

Question 45

How is the Lectin Pathway in the Complement system activated?

Answer 45

By carbohydrate on a cell's membrane or microbes surfaces

Question 46

How can the Alternative pathway be activated in the Complement system?

Answer 46

By spontaneous hydrolysis of C3

Question 47

What do all the activation pathways of the Complement system do?

Answer 47

Convert C3 to C3A and C3B

Question 48

What is C3A of the complement system involved in?

Answer 48

Inflammation

Question 49

Why is C3B important in the Complement system?

Answer 49

* It can serve as an Opsonin causing opsonization of antigens * Clears immune complexes * Forms C5 convertase

Question 50

What does it mean for C3B to serve as an Opsonin?

Answer 50

It can bind to a microbe surface and serve as a signal for them to be phagocytosed by a phagocyte

Question 51

What does it mean for C3B to bind to immune complexes?

Answer 51

It can bind to antigen antibody complexes sending signal causing the microbe to be phagocytized

Question 52

What occurs when C3B acts as C5 convertase?

Answer 52

It converts C5 to C5B forming the MAC complex forming a pore in the cell membrane killing the cell

Question 53

Which Complement proteins are involved in MAC formation?

Answer 53

Activation by C3B of C5-C9

Question 54

Which Complement protein is involved in Opsonization?

Answer 54

C3B

Question 55

What is Extraversion?

Answer 55

The migration of white blood cells in the complement mechanism to the infected site

Question 56

Which Complement proteins are involved in Extraversion?

Answer 56

C3A and C5A

Question 57

What protein is involved in the clearing of immune complexes in the Complement mechanism?

Answer 57

C3B

Question 58

What are immune complexes?

Answer 58

Antigen and Antibody's bound together