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Physl > Immune System - Lecture 2 Part A > Flashcards

Immune System - Lecture 2 Part A Flashcards

1
Q

What two types of immunity occur at the same time?

A

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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2
Q

What are the three main components of the Innate Response?

A
  • Anatomical or physical barriers
  • Chemical barriers
  • Cellular responses
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3
Q

What are examples of Anatomical barriers of the Innate response?

A
  • Epithelial layer of skin

* Mucosal tissues of gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

What is an example of a Chemical Barriers of the Innate response?

A

Antimicrobial substances produced by the body that help get rid of pathogens

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5
Q

What responses does the body have if a pathogen is able to pass through the anatomical and chemical barriers?

A

Innate cellular responses

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6
Q

What is the specificity of the Innate Cellular Response?

A

The innate cellular response is a broad nonspecific response

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7
Q

What does the Innate Cellular Response rely on because it is broad non-specific?

A

Pattern recognition

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8
Q

What are Patterns in the Innate Cellular Response?

A

Molecules that are shared among pathogens, that are not specific for a class of pathogens

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9
Q

What does PAMPs stand for and what are they?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns. They are how the innate response recognizes a pathogen

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10
Q

What form can PAMPs be present in?

A
  • Lipid molecule in the cell wall

* Carbohydrate molecule

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11
Q

Why does the Innate Cellular Response recognize PAMPs that are essential for microbial survival?

A

Because when pathogens evolve they mutate causing their patterns to change but patterns that are essential for microbial survival usually don’t change so it won’t be able to evade the innate response

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12
Q

What are PAMPs recognized by?

A

PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors)

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13
Q

Where are PRRs that recognize extracellular proteins found?

A

In the plasma membrane

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14
Q

Why are PRRs also found in endosomes?

A

So they can recognize pathogens after they have been ingested by cells

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15
Q

Why is it important to have a variety of PRRs?

A

Because it allows us to amplify our antigen recognition

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16
Q

What recognizes a Pathogen Antigen?

A

PRRs in or on the cell

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17
Q

What generally happens once a PRR is activated?

A

An intracellular cascade of events that lead to enhanced protein expression of molecules stimulate adaptive immunity and the inflammatory response

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18
Q

What are Cytokines important for?

A

Cell communication and stimulation of immune responses

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19
Q

What immune response are stimulated by Cytokines?

A

Adhesion molecules for white blood cell migration or extravasation for stimulating adaptive immunity

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20
Q

What happens once a Toll-like receptor (type of PRR) recognizes an antigen?

A
  • Transcription factors activated
  • Enhance expression of cytokines
  • Stimulation of immune response
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21
Q

What are Interferons?

A

Antiviral chemicals that enhance macrophage activity and send a signal for neighboring cells that viruses are present so they can put in place protective mechanisms

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22
Q

What are Effector mechanisms in the innate immune response?

A

The mechanisms used by innate cells in order to get rid of pathogens

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23
Q

What are the five main effector mechanisms in the Innate cellular response?

A
  • Anti-microbial substances
  • Complement system
  • Phagocytosis
  • Inflammation
  • NK cells
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24
Q

What innate immune response to killing pathogens is Lysozyme a part of?

A

Anti-microbial substances

25
Q

Where is Lysozyme present and what does it do?

A

Tears and Saliva. It is an enzyme that breaks bonds in the cell wall causing cell or pathogen death

26
Q

Which Innate Cellular Response in Lactoferrin a part of?

A

Antimicrobial substances

27
Q

How does Lactoferrin work in the Antimicrobial Innate Cellular Response?

A

It sequesters iron from the environment and when iron is depleted some microorganisms cannot grow

28
Q

Where is Lactoferrin found?

A

In milk and Mucus

29
Q

Which immune response is Psoriasin a part of?

A

The Anti-microbial innate cellular immune response

30
Q

Where is Psoriasin produced and found?

A

It is a protein produced in the skin

31
Q

What does Psoriasin do?

A

Prevents colonization by e.coli

32
Q

What is the Complement System?

A

A group of proteins in the innate and adaptive response that help to eliminate pathogens

33
Q

Where are proteins of the Complement system produced?

A

The liver

34
Q

Which immune responses are the Complement proteins considered to be apart of?

A

The Innate and Adaptive response

35
Q

What are the seven main categories of the Complement proteins in the Cellular response?

A
  • Initiators
  • Convertase activators/enzymatic mediators
  • Opsonins
  • Anaphylatoxins
  • Membrane attack complex (MAC)
  • Complement receptors
  • Regulatory proteins
36
Q

What do the Inhibitor Proteins of the Complement Cellular Response mechanism do?

A

Bind to an antibody that is bound to an antigen and initiate the complement system cascade

37
Q

What do the Convertase Activators of the Complement system in the Cellular Response do?

A

Break down complement proteins which activates them in order to activate the next protein in the cascade

38
Q

What do Opsonins do in the Complement Cellular Response?

A

Opsonins bind to antigens and stimulate phagocytes to phagocytize

39
Q

What do Anaphylatoxins do in the Complement immune cellular response system?

A

They help WBCs migrate to the infection site and are involved in degranulation

40
Q

What do Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC) do in the Complement Cellular Response?

A

Form the membrane attack complex which leads to cell death

41
Q

What do Complement Receptors do in the Complement Cellular Response?

A

Bind to complement proteins, therefore activating or stimulating actions by the cells that are expressing them

42
Q

What do Regulatory Proteins do in the Complement Cellular Response?

A

Prevent exacerbated activation of the complement system so it doesn’t damage the body’s own cells

43
Q

What are the three main ways to activate the complement system?

A
  • Classical Pathway
  • Lectin Pathway
  • Alternative Pathway
44
Q

How is the Classical Pathway in the Complement system activated?

A

By an antigen antibody complex

45
Q

How is the Lectin Pathway in the Complement system activated?

A

By carbohydrate on a cell’s membrane or microbes surfaces

46
Q

How can the Alternative pathway be activated in the Complement system?

A

By spontaneous hydrolysis of C3

47
Q

What do all the activation pathways of the Complement system do?

A

Convert C3 to C3A and C3B

48
Q

What is C3A of the complement system involved in?

A

Inflammation

49
Q

Why is C3B important in the Complement system?

A
  • It can serve as an Opsonin causing opsonization of antigens
  • Clears immune complexes
  • Forms C5 convertase
50
Q

What does it mean for C3B to serve as an Opsonin?

A

It can bind to a microbe surface and serve as a signal for them to be phagocytosed by a phagocyte

51
Q

What does it mean for C3B to bind to immune complexes?

A

It can bind to antigen antibody complexes sending signal causing the microbe to be phagocytized

52
Q

What occurs when C3B acts as C5 convertase?

A

It converts C5 to C5B forming the MAC complex forming a pore in the cell membrane killing the cell

53
Q

Which Complement proteins are involved in MAC formation?

A

Activation by C3B of C5-C9

54
Q

Which Complement protein is involved in Opsonization?

A

C3B

55
Q

What is Extraversion?

A

The migration of white blood cells in the complement mechanism to the infected site

56
Q

Which Complement proteins are involved in Extraversion?

A

C3A and C5A

57
Q

What protein is involved in the clearing of immune complexes in the Complement mechanism?

A

C3B

58
Q

What are immune complexes?

A

Antigen and Antibody’s bound together

Physl (94 decks)

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