Immune System - Lecture 1 Part A

Question 1

What are the functions of the Immune System?

Answer 1

• Prevent or eradicate infections
• Recognize self from nonself
• Tissue repair

Question 2

What is the balance required by the immune system in regards to the variety of pathogens?

Answer 2

The immune system must create different strategies to eliminate the variety of pathogens but also not create a strong reaction that will damage our cells

Question 3

What is an immune response?

Answer 3

The process of pathogen recognition leading to an intra or extracellular cascade of events that will eventually cause labelling and destruction of the pathogen

Question 4

What are the two types of Immune Responses?

Answer 4

Passive and Active

Question 5

When does a Passive Immune response happen?

Answer 5

When protection is transferred between individuals so an individual is not producing its own immune response or antibodies

Question 6

What is an example of a Passive immune response?

Answer 6

When newborns receive antibodies from their mothers breast milk

Question 7

What is the duration of Passive Immunity?

Answer 7

It has a short duration and once its eliminated from the body the individual has no protection anymore against the antigen

Question 8

When does an active immune response occur?

Answer 8

When an individual builds its own immune response

Question 9

What are examples of things that cause an active immune response?

Answer 9

Vaccination or through a naturally acquired infection

Question 10

What is the relative time difference between Passive and Active immunity?

Answer 10

Active immunity takes more time than passive immunity

Question 11

How is Active immunity renewable?

Answer 11

Because we produce our own immune response, our cells generate immunologic memory that protects from a second exposure to the antigen

Question 12

What are the two branches of the immune response besides passive and active?

Answer 12

Innate and Adaptive immune response

Question 13

Which immune response are we born with?

Answer 13

The innate immune response

Question 14

Why is the Innate immune response considered non-specific?

Answer 14

Because it recognizes patterns shared among microbes so it doesn’t identify exactly what is it fighting against but initiates the start to contain the infection

Question 15

Which immune response in non-specific?

Answer 15

The innate immune response

Question 16

Why is the adaptive immune response considered low response?

Answer 16

Because it takes some days to happen

Question 17

What cells does the Adaptive immune response depend on?

Answer 17

B and T lymphocytes

Question 18

What do the B and T lymphocytes do in the adaptive immune response?

Answer 18

Recognize specific antigens and then build an adaptive immune response

Question 19

Which immune response generates memory?

Answer 19

The adaptive immune response

Question 20

What can the Adaptive immune response be divided into?

Answer 20

Mediated response and Humoral immune response

Question 21

What is another name for the Humoral response?

Answer 21

Antibody mediated immune response

Question 22

How do the the Innate and Adaptive immune responses work together?

Answer 22

The cells in each response communicate with each other using cytokines or through blood and lymph

Question 23

What two fluids are involved in the immune response?

Answer 23

Blood and lymph

Question 24

What is an Antigen?

Answer 24

Any substance that requires an immune response

Question 25

What is an Epitope?

Answer 25

The part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system

Question 26

What is a Pathogen?

Answer 26

The organism that causes a disease

Question 27

What is Pathogenesis?

Answer 27

The process by which a pathogen induces illness or disease

Question 28

What do WBCs circulate between?

Answer 28

The blood and the lymph

Question 29

What do WBCs do as they circulate between the blood and the lymph?

Answer 29

Search for pathogens throughout the body

Question 30

Where do WBCs go after passing into the interstitial fluid from the blood vessels?

Answer 30

They enter tissues or the lymphatic vessels where they become part of the lymphatic system

Question 31

What are the two sites where lymphatic drainage occurs?

Answer 31

The right subclavian vein and the left subclavian vein

Question 32

What areas does the right subclavian vein take lymphatic drainage from?

Answer 32

The right arm and right side of the head

Question 33

What are the 3 functions of the Lymphatic system?

Answer 33

* Drain excess interstitial fluid * Transports dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins * Carries out the immune response

Question 34

What can the organs of the immune response be classified into?

Answer 34

Primary or Secondary lymphoid organs

Question 35

What are Primary Lymphoid organs?

Answer 35

The sites where WBCs develop and mature

Question 36

Where are all blood cells produced?

Answer 36

The bone marrow

Question 37

Where do B lymphocytes have their development and maturation?

Answer 37

The bone marrow

Question 38

Where do T lymphocytes have their maturation process?

Answer 38

In the Thymus

Question 39

What are the Primary Lymphoid Organs?

Answer 39

Bone Marrow and Thymus

Question 40

What are the Secondary Lymphoid organs?

Answer 40

The spleen, lymph nodes and other not so organized tissues such as the skin and respiratory and GI tract

Question 41

What cells are Lymph nodes filled with?

Answer 41

Lymphocytes, Macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 42

What is the site that Antigens are first encountered?

Answer 42

Lymph nodes

Question 43

When does interstitial fluid encounter lymph nodes?

Answer 43

In their journey from the blood going towards the left and right subclavian artery

Question 44

What does interstitial fluid enter lymphatic vessels through?

Answer 44

Lymphatic vessels

Question 45

What is the network in lymph nodes designed to do?

Answer 45

Track an antigen and facilitate cell communication

Question 46

What happens if Lymphocytes find their specific antigen?

Answer 46

They take residence in lymph nodes and proliferate and become effector cells and leave and fight the infection where they are needed

Question 47

What do Lymphocytes do if they do not find an antigen in the lymph nodes?

Answer 47

They will leave the lymph nodes and continue their search in the blood

Question 48

What causes lymph nodes or tonsils to become swollen?

Answer 48

An active immune response is happening there and cells are proliferating

Question 49

What is the Spleen irrigated by?

Answer 49

Not by the lymphoid vessels, only by the blood

Question 50

What is the Spleen the site for?

Answer 50

Tracking of bloodborne pathogens

Question 51

Which artery does blood enter the spleen from?

Answer 51

WBCs, RBCs and antigens enter the spleen via the splenic artery

Question 52

What can the Spleen be divided into?

Answer 52

The Red Pulp and White Pulp

Question 53

What occurs in the Red Pulp of the spleen?

Answer 53

RBCs are destroyed

Question 54

What occurs in the White Pulp of the spleen?

Answer 54

White blood cells, lymphocytes and other immune cells are found here and will proliferate there if they find an antigen

Question 55

Where are the Barrier Organs found?

Answer 55

The GI tract, Respiratory tract, and the urogenital tract

Question 56

What is found in Barrier Organs?

Answer 56

Immune cells ready in place to protect

Question 57

What are Tissues of the Barrier Organs also referred to as?

Answer 57

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues or MALT

Question 58

Where are MALTs usually found?

Answer 58

In places where there are connections to the external environment